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1203 1204. Successful campaign of the Galician-Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich against the Polovtsians. 1204. Capture and defeat of Constantinople by participants in the Fourth Crusade. Formation of the Latin Empire by the crusaders with its center in Constantinople.... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

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XIII number 13 in Roman notation: XIII century century, lasting from 1201 to 1300. XIII century BC. e. century, lasting from 1300 to 1201 BC. e. XIII (comic book) XIII computer game of the company... ... Wikipedia

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Books

• Monuments of literature of Ancient Rus'. XIII century. We present to your attention the book “Monuments of Literature of Ancient Rus'. XIII Century”…
• Library of literature of ancient Rus'. Volume 5. XIII century, Editors: Dmitry Likhachev, Lev Dmitriev, Anatoly Alekseev, Natalya Ponyrko. Library of literature of ancient Rus'. Volume 5. XIII century…

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF Rus'

Serious changes occurred in the socio-economic development of Rus' in the 13th and 14th centuries. After the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in North-Eastern Rus', the economy was restored and handicraft production was revived again. There is a growth and increase in the economic importance of cities that did not play a serious role in the pre-Mongol period (Moscow, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, Kostroma).

Fortress construction is actively developing, and the construction of stone churches is being resumed. Agriculture and crafts are rapidly developing in North-Eastern Rus'.

Old technologies are being improved and new ones are emerging.

Got widespread in Rus' water wheels and water mills. Parchment began to be actively replaced by paper. Salt production is developing. Centers for the production of books appear in large book centers and monasteries. Casting (bell production) is developing massively. Agriculture is developing somewhat more slowly than crafts.

Slash-and-burn agriculture continues to be replaced by field arable land. Two-field is widespread.

New villages are being actively built. The number of domestic animals is increasing, which means the application of organic fertilizers to the fields is increasing.

LARGE LAND OWNERSHIP IN Rus'

The growth of patrimonial estates occurs through the distribution of lands by princes to their boyars for feeding, that is, for management with the right to collect taxes in their favor.

From the second half of the 14th century, monastic land ownership began to grow rapidly.

PEASANTRY IN Rus'

In Ancient Rus', the entire population was called peasants, regardless of their occupation. As one of the main classes of the Russian population, whose main occupation is agriculture, the peasantry took shape in Russia by the 14th - 15th centuries. A peasant sitting on land with a three-field rotation had on average 5 acres in one field, therefore 15 acres in three fields.

Rich peasants they took additional plots from patrimonial owners in black volosts. Poor peasants often had neither land nor yard. They lived in other people's yards and were called street cleaners. These peasants bore corvée duties to their owners - they plowed and sowed their land, harvested crops, and cut hay. Meat and lard, vegetables and fruits and much more were contributed to the dues. All peasants were already feudal dependents.

• community- worked on state lands,
• proprietary- these could leave, but within a clearly limited time frame (Philip’s Day on November 14, St. George’s Day on November 26, Peter’s Day on June 29, Christmas Day on December 25)
• personally dependent peasants.

STRUGGLE OF MOSCOW AND TVER PRINCIPALITY IN Rus'

By the beginning of the 14th century, Moscow and Tver became the strongest principalities of North-Eastern Rus'. The first Moscow prince was the son of Alexander Nevsky, Daniil Alexandrovich (1263-1303). In the early 90s, Daniil Alexandrovich annexed Mozhaisk to the Moscow principality, and in 1300 he conquered Kolomna from Ryazan.

From 1304, Daniil's son Yuri Danilovich fought for the great reign of Vladimir with Mikhail Yaroslavovich Tverskoy, who received the label for the great reign in the Golden Horde in 1305.

The Moscow prince was supported in this fight by Metropolitan of All Rus' Macarius

In 1317, Yuri achieved a label for the great reign, and a year later, Yuri’s main enemy, Mikhail Tverskoy, was killed in the Golden Horde. But in 1322, Prince Yuri Daniilovich was deprived of his great reign as punishment. The label was given to the son of Mikhail Yaroslavovich Dmitry Groznye Ochi.

In 1325, Dmitry killed the culprit in the death of his father in the Golden Horde, for which he was executed by the khan in 1326.

The great reign was transferred to Dmitry Tverskoy’s brother, Alexander. A Horde detachment was sent with him to Tver. The outrages of the Horde caused an uprising of the townspeople, which was supported by the prince, and as a result the Horde were defeated.

IVAN KALITA

These events were skillfully used by the new Moscow prince Ivan Kalita. He participated in the punitive Horde expedition to Tver. The Tver land was devastated. The Great Principality of Vladimir was divided between Ivan Kalita and Alexander of Suzdal. After the death of the latter, the label for the great reign was almost constantly in the hands of the Moscow princes. Ivan Kalita continued the line of Alexander Nevsky in that he maintained a lasting peace with the Tatars.

He also made an alliance with the church. Moscow becomes the center of faith, since the Metropolitan moved to Moscow forever and left Vladimir.

The Grand Duke received the right from the Horde to collect tribute himself, which had favorable consequences for the treasury of Moscow.

Ivan Kalita also increased his holdings. New lands were bought and begged from the Khan of the Golden Horde. Galich, Uglich and Beloozero were annexed. Also, some princes voluntarily became part of the Moscow Principality.

THE PRINCIPALITY OF MOSCOW LEADS THE OVERTHROW OF THE TATAR-MONGOL Yoke BY RUSSIA

The policy of Ivan Kalita was continued by his sons - Semyon the Proud (1340-1359) and Ivan 2 the Red (1353-1359). After the death of Ivan 2, his 9-year-old son Dmitry (1359-1387) became the prince of Moscow. At this time, Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod had the title to reign. A sharp struggle developed between him and the group of the Moscow boyars. Metropolitan Alexey took the side of Moscow, who actually headed the Moscow government until Moscow finally won the victory in 1363.

Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich continued the policy of strengthening the Moscow principality. In 1371, Moscow inflicted a major defeat on the Ryazan principality. The struggle with Tver continued. When in 1371 Mikhail Alekseevich Tverskoy received the label for the great reign of Vladimir and tried to occupy Vladimir, Dmitry Ivanovich refused to obey the khan's will. In 1375, Mikhail Tverskoy again received a label to the Vladimir table. Then almost all the princes of northeastern Rus' opposed him, supporting the Moscow prince in his campaign against Tver. After a month-long siege, the city capitulated. According to the concluded agreement, Mikhail recognized Dmitry as his overlord.

As a result of the internal political struggle in the North-Eastern Russian lands, the Moscow Principality achieved a leading position in the collection of Russian lands and became a real force capable of resisting the Horde and Lithuania.

Since 1374, Dmitry Ivanovich stopped paying tribute to the Golden Horde. The Russian Church played a major role in strengthening anti-Tatar sentiments.

In the 60s and 70s of the 14th century, civil strife within the Golden Horde intensified. Over two decades, up to two dozen khans appear and disappear. Temporary workers appeared and disappeared. One of these, the strongest and cruelest, was Khan Mamai. He tried to collect tribute from Russian lands, despite the fact that Takhtamysh was the legitimate khan. The threat of a new invasion united the main forces of North-Eastern Rus' under the leadership of the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich.

The sons of Olgerd, Andrei and Dmitry, who transferred to the service of the Moscow prince, took part in the campaign. Mamai's ally, Grand Duke Jagiello, was late to arrive to join the Horde army. The Ryazan prince Oleg Ivanovich did not join Mamai, who only formally entered into an alliance with the Golden Horde.

On September 6, the united Russian army approached the banks of the Don. So for the first time since 1223, since the battle on the Kalka River, the Russians went out into the steppe to meet the Horde. On the night of September 8, Russian troops, on the orders of Dmitry Ivanovich, crossed the Don.

The battle took place on September 8, 1380 on the bank of the right tributary of the Don river. Untruths, in an area called Kulikovo Field. At first, the Horde pushed back the Russian regiment. Then they were attacked by an ambush regiment under the command of the Serpukhov prince. The Horde army could not withstand the onslaught of fresh Russian forces and fled. The battle turned into a pursuit of the enemy retreating in disorder.

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BATTLE OF KULIKOVO

The historical significance of the Battle of Kulikovo was enormous. The main forces of the Golden Horde were defeated.

The idea became stronger in the minds of the Russian people that with united forces the Horde could be defeated.

Prince Dmitry Ivanovich received the honorary nickname Donskoy from his descendants and found himself in the political role of an all-Russian prince. His authority increased unusually. Militant anti-Tatar sentiments intensified in all Russian lands.

DMITRY DONSKOY

Having lived only less than four decades, he did a lot for Rus' from a young age until the end of his days, Dmitry Donskoy was constantly in worries, campaigns and troubles. He had to fight with the Horde and with Lithuania and with Russian rivals for power and political primacy.

The prince also settled church affairs. Dmitry received the blessing of Abbot Sergius of Radonezh, whose constant support he always enjoyed.

SERGIUS OF RADONEZH

Church pastors played a significant role not only in church but also in political affairs. Trinity Abbot Sergius of Radonezh was unusually respected among the people. In the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, which was founded by Sergius of Radonezh, strict rules were cultivated in accordance with the communal charter.

These orders became a model for other monasteries. Sergius of Radonezh called people to internal improvement, to live according to the Gospel. He tamed the strife, modeled princes who agreed to submit to the Grand Duke of Moscow.

THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIFICATION OF RUSSIAN LANDS

The beginning of the state unification of Russian lands began with the rise of Moscow. 1st stage of unification One can rightfully consider the activities of Ivan Kalita, who bought lands from the khans and begged for them. His policy was continued by his sons Semyon Proud and Ivan 2 the Red.

They included Kastroma, Dmitrov, Starodub lands and part of Kaluga into Moscow. 2nd stage of the activity of Dmitry Donskoy. In 1367 he erected white walls and fortifications around Moscow. In 1372, he achieved recognition of dependence from Ryazan and defeated the Tver Principality. By 1380, he had not paid tribute to the Golden Horde for 13 years.

In different years in past centuries, foreign conquerors have repeatedly tried to conquer Rus', but it stands, unbroken, to this day. Difficult times on Russian soil have arisen more than once in history. But it seems that there was no such difficult period as in the 13th century, which threatened the very existence of the state, either before or after. Attacks were carried out both from the west and from the south by various aggressors. Difficult times have come on Russian soil.

Rus' in the 13th century

What was she like? At the beginning of the 13th century, Constantinople had already lost its influence as a center of spirituality. And some countries (for example, Bulgaria, Serbia) recognize the power and primacy of Catholicism. Rus', then still Kiev, becomes the stronghold of the Orthodox world. But the territory was heterogeneous. Before the invasion of Batu and his horde, the Russian World consisted of several principalities competing for spheres of influence among themselves. The civil strife tore apart the princely relatives and did not contribute to the organization of one united army capable of providing worthy resistance to the invaders. This paved the way for difficult times to happen on Russian soil.

Invasion of Batu

In 1227, Genghis Khan, the great eastern warrior, passed away. The usual redistribution of power between relatives took place. One of the grandsons, Batu, had a particularly militant character and organizational talents. He gathered a huge army by those standards (somewhere around 140 thousand people), consisting of nomads and mercenaries. In the autumn of 1237 the invasion began.

The Russian army was less numerous (up to 100 thousand people) and scattered. That's why we lost in the tragic situation. It would seem that here is an opportunity to unite and unanimously resist the enemy. But the ruling elite of the princes continued the strife, and in Novgorod, in the north, popular unrest broke out with renewed vigor. The result is further ruin of the principalities. First Ryazan, then Vladimir-Suzdal. Kolomna, Moscow... Having ruined Vladimir, Batu went to Novgorod, but before reaching it, he turned south and went to the Polovtsian steppes to replenish his strength. In 1240, Batu’s hordes ravaged Chernigov and Kyiv, entering Europe, the Mongol-Tatar warriors reached all the way to the Adriatic. But later they stopped the war in these territories. And then difficult times came on Russian soil. The two-hundred-year yoke was established within two decades after the invasion and implied the payment of tribute by all conquered lands to the Tatar rulers. According to historians, it ended only in 1480.

Threat from the West

Hard times on Russian soil were not limited to problems in the east and south in the 13th century. If the invasions of the invaders there were more of a punitive nature of expeditions, then in the western part there were constant regular military attacks. Rus' resisted with all its might the Swedes, Lithuanians, and Germans.

In 1239 he sent a large army against Novgorod. But in the same year the Swedes were pushed back and defeated (Smolensk was taken). They also won on the Neva. Prince Alexander of Novgorod, at the head of his squad, defeated a well-armed and trained Swedish army. For this victory he was nicknamed Nevsky (at that time the hero was only 20 years old!). In 1242, the Germans were expelled from Pskov. And in the same year Alexander dealt a crushing blow to the knightly troops in the Battle of the Ice. So many knights died that for another 10 years he did not risk attacking Russian lands. Although many of the battles of the Novgorodians were successful, these were still rather difficult, difficult times on Russian soil.

The world around us (4th grade)

To summarize, we can say, generalizing, that the entire 13th century was difficult both for the ruling princes at the top and for the common people, who died and shed blood as a result of prolonged and numerous military actions. The Mongol yoke, of course, affected both the development of Russian statehood and the material well-being of cities forced to pay tribute.

And due to its importance, battles with crusader knights are glorified in films and literature. This material can be used for a lesson

This period became one of the blackest in the history of the principalities of Kievan Rus. At the beginning of the new century in Rus' there was a constant struggle between multiple principalities. Constant wars led to the ruin and decline of cities, to a reduction in population and to the weakening of all of Rus' as a whole. Even in the face of the universal threat that the Golden Horde became, the Russian principalities did not unite into a single state, and therefore were unable to give a worthy rebuff.

The Polovtsians, who had previously been at odds with the Russian princes, were the first to be attacked by a cruel enemy. They could not resist them alone, so they turned to the rulers of the eastern Russian principalities. However, their combined forces were not enough to repel the great threat. The united army did not have a single command; the princes acted according to their own judgment and were most concerned about their own benefit. In 1223, the battle on the Kalka River (modern Donetsk region of Ukraine) was lost. Then the Mongols only reached the edges of Russian lands.

In 1237, Batu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, entered the Ryazan principality with his army, beginning the conquest of Rus'. Yuri Vsevolodovich tried to stop his opponents, but the princes from the southern Russian principalities and the Novgorod army did not come to his aid, so in 1238 he was defeated. Subsequently, Batu captured and imposed tribute on almost all the eastern, southern and central territories of the former Kievan Rus. The most powerful Russian principality at that time was Novgorod Rus', but it had its own problems. The Swedes and Teutonic Knights opposed him and the allied Principality of Lithuania. The terrible enemy was defeated thanks to the skillful actions of Prince Alexander, the son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the ruler of Vladimir. The Novgorodians turned to him for help, and with joint efforts they first defeated the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva, after which Alexander received his famous nickname. Two years later, a battle took place that went down in history as the Battle of the Ice, during which the Teutonic knights suffered a crushing defeat in battle with Alexander’s army.

During the same period, the Principality of Galicia, which had previously successfully repelled Tatar raids on its lands, began to weaken. Despite some successes, in general Rus' in the 13th century, briefly described in this section, fell into decline. Most of it came under the rule of foreign invaders, who slowed down its development for several centuries. Only several centuries later, the Moscow principality was able to defeat other Russian principalities in the struggle, get rich by fire, sword and deception and capture almost the entire territory of the former Kievan Rus, and throw off the yoke of the Golden Horde.

The very first human settlements in the territory
Russia were discovered in Kostenki (Voronezh
region), they are about 45 thousand years old. People's homes
were made from mammoth bones, covered
skins.

"Venus" from
Bones. Done
from mammoth ivory.
20-30 thousand years.

At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongol hordes invaded the Black Sea steppes through the Caucasus, defeated the Polovtsians, and advanced to Rus'. A united army of Russian princes and Polovtsy came out against them. The battle took place on May 31, 1223 Kalka River
and ended in complete defeat - only a tenth of the army survived.

Batu's invasion of Rus' took place in the winter of 1237. The Ryazan principality was the first to be devastated. Then Batu moved to the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
In January 1238, Kolomna and Moscow fell, in February Vladimir, Suzdal, Pereslavl, etc. Battle of the Sit River(March 4, 1238) ended in the defeat of the Russian army.
The “evil city” (Kozelsk) held the defense for 7 weeks. The Mongols did not reach Novgorod (according to the dominant version, due to the spring thaw).

Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'. Briefly

History of the Old Russian State 9-12 centuries. Briefly

In 1238, Batu sent troops to conquer southern Rus'. In 1240,
Having captured Kiev, his army moved to Europe.
During the invasion, the Mongols captured all Russian lands except Novgorod.
Every year the Russian principalities paid tribute. Right to reign ( label)
Russian princes received in the Golden Horde.

Diorama of the assault on Vladimir by the Tatars (Exhibition at the Golden Gate). In the foreground is the Golden Gate. The Mongols were unable to enter through them and made a breach in the wall. Author of the photo: Dmitry Bakulin (Photos-Yandex)

Slavic tribes. Baptism of Rus'. Formation of the Old Russian state.

Princes of the ancient Russian state. Feudal fragmentation in Rus'.

Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' 1237-1240.

Old Russian state. Mongolian
Tata invasion.

1300-1613

1613-1762

1762-1825

9th-13th centuries

1825-1917

1917-1941

1941-1964

1964-2014

Brief summary of the history of Russia. Part 1
(9th-13th centuries)

History of the Old Russian state 9-12 centuries.
Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'.

Brief history of Russia. Brief summary of the history of Russia. History of Russia in pictures. History of the Old Russian State 9-12 centuries. The Mongol-Tatar invasion is brief. History of Russia for children.

website 2016 Contacts: [email protected]

After the death of the prince Mstislava(ruled: 1125 -1132) Kievan Rus disintegrates
into principalities that are comparable in size to Western European ones
kingdoms. In 1136, an uprising in Novgorod leads
to the emergence of an independent state - Novgorod
republics, which occupied the territory from the Baltic
sea ​​to the Ural Mountains (in the north).

IN 6th century The Great Migration of the Slavs takes place, the first political associations of the Eastern Slavs appear in the region of the Dnieper and Lake Ilmen. It is known about the existence of 13 tribes: Polyans, Krivichi, Drevlyans, Ulichs, Vyatichi, etc. At that time, the territory of modern Central Russia was inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes, they gradually assimilated with the Slavs.

The development of crafts in the 8th-9th centuries led to the emergence
cities. Most often they were built at the confluence of rivers,
which served as trade routes. The most famous
trade route of that time - "from the Varangians to the Greeks" on
Novgorod was located in the north of the route, and Kyiv in the south.

IN 862 residents of Novgorod called on the Varangian princes to rule the city
(according to the Norman theory). Prince Rurik became the founder of the princely,
and subsequently the royal dynasty. The Norman theory has been repeatedly refuted by famous historians and scientists (M. Lomonosov, V. Tatishchev, etc.)

After the death of Rurik, he becomes the Prince of Novgorod
Oleg(Prophetic). He captures Kyiv and moves there
capital of Rus'. Subjugates a number of Slavic tribes.
In 907 he made a successful campaign against Byzantium,
receives tribute and concludes a profitable trade agreement.

Prince Igor subjugated the eastern tribes of the Slavs.
In 945 he was killed by the Drevlyans when he tried again
receive tribute from them. Princess Olga(wife) took revenge
to the Drevlyans, but makes the tribute fixed.
In Constantinople she converts to Christianity. In the 16th century her
canonized as saints.

Olga ruled during her childhood Svyatoslav And
continued to rule after her son became prince
in 964 Svyatoslav was in the military almost all the time
hiking. They defeated the Bulgarian and Khazar
kingdoms. Upon returning to Rus', after an unsuccessful
During the campaign against Byzantium (971), he was killed by the Pechenegs.

The death of Svyatoslav led to internecine struggle between
by his sons. After the murder of his brother Yaropolk came to power
the prince comes Vladimir.
In 988, Vladimir was baptized in Chersonesos
(now it is a museum-reserve in Sevastopol). Begins
stage of the formation of Christianity in Rus'.

During civil war (1015-1019), after the death of Vladimir, they die
from the hands of Svyatopolk, princes Boris and Gleb (became the first Russian saints).
In the fight against Svyatopolk the prince gains the upper hand
Yaroslav the Wise. He strengthens the state, relieves
Rus' from the Pecheneg raids. It began under Yaroslav
creation of the first set of laws in Rus' - “Russian Truth”.

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise (1054), a division took place
Rus' between his sons - " Yaroslavich Triumvirate".
In 1072, “The Truth of the Yaroslavichs”, the second part, was compiled
"Russian Truth".

After the death of the Kyiv prince Svyatopolk (reign: 1093 - 1113), according to
comes to power at the insistence of the people of Kiev Vladimir Monomakha. During the years of his reign, Kievan Rus strengthened and princely civil strife stopped.
As a result of the agreement at the Dolob Congress of Russian Princes (1103), it was possible to stop the discord and, in subsequent years, defeat the Polovtsian khans with a joint army.

In 1169 Andrey Bogolyubsky ruins Kyiv. He carries
the capital of Rus' in Vladimir. Policy to centralize power
leads to a conspiracy among the boyars. In 1174 the prince was killed in his
palace in Bogolyubovo (suburb of Vladimir).
His successor becomes Vsevolod's Big Nest.

862

945

988

1019

1113

1136

1169

1223

1237

1242

The Novgorod Republic escaped the Mongol invasion, but experienced
aggression from Western neighbors. July 15, 1240 took place Battle of Neva.
The squad led by Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich (who became Nevsky) defeated the Swedish army.
On April 5, 1242, a battle between the Russian army, led by Alexander Nevsky, and the knights of the Livonian Order took place on Lake Peipsi. During Battle on the Ice the German knights were defeated. In the 16th century. A. Nevsky was canonized.