Residual value is the initial (replacement) cost minus the accumulated depreciation amount. It happens with depreciable objects, i.e. fixed assets (hereinafter referred to as fixed assets, assets) and intangible assets. In this article we will tell you how the sale of OS works below the residual value in 2019, we will look at the features of the implementation.

Sales of fixed assets are cheaper than their residual value

In the balance sheet, such objects are displayed at book value (PBU 4/99). Therefore, the economic phenomenon “residual value” of a fixed asset is identified with “book value”.

It is not prohibited by law to offer OS for sale at a price lower than the residual value. But then the organization will implement the object to the detriment of itself. As a result, the seller must recognize the damage from the sale, since in fact the residual value of the fixed assets, together with associated expenses, will be greater than the profit received.

Features of tax and accounting when selling fixed assets below residual value

The sale of fixed assets is a normal sales process, therefore in this case VAT is charged (18% rate). Revenue received is recognized on the date that title passes to the buyer. When calculating income tax, expenses associated with the sale of fixed assets (storage of the object, delivery, etc.) are taken into account. In addition, the amount of revenue is reduced by the residual value of the fixed assets.

Damage from sales in accounting is fully reflected in expenses in the month when the sale took place (PBU 10/99, clause 11). Read also the article: → "". In the tax part, damage is taken into account differently. Its amount is included in equal parts in other expenses over several months. Moreover, the damage begins to be written off from the first month after the day of disposal of the sold asset.

Due to discrepancies in tax and accounting records, a deductible temporary difference is created. This creates a deferred tax asset. There is no need to restore VAT in this situation.

Sale of fixed assets below their residual value when applying the simplified tax system

Organizations using the simplified tax system when selling an asset include the sale price of the asset as profit. There is no need to write off anything as expenses here. Some nuances in accounting for the sale of fixed assets are typical for payers using the simplified tax system “Income - Expenses”. For tax purposes, during the purchase and commissioning of an asset, they took into account acquisition costs. Accordingly, when implementing the operating system, the following are not taken into account in expenses:

• residual value of the asset being sold;
• the amount of damage from the sale of an asset.

Therefore, such taxpayers do not take into account in expenses the residual value of those assets that were acquired before the transition to the simplified tax system or already during the simplified regime and were sold before the end of their useful life.

Consequences of early sale of an asset: correct actions of the payer within the framework of the law

Recalculation of the tax base is carried out taking into account the rules prescribed by Art. 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (“Income Tax”). The sequence of actions during recalculation is as follows:

1. Expenses that were previously credited when purchasing an operating system are written off, and the taxable base for past periods is recalculated retroactively.
2. Depreciation is credited for the period of use of the fixed assets according to the principle characteristic of the fixed assets (the amounts are recorded in the periods in which they occurred).
3. Calculation of single tax (advance for past periods). As a result, the new collection amount turns out to be higher. The difference between the increased new amount and the initial amount will be used as payment. A penalty will be added to the payment.

If the recalculation was carried out over the past years, then the payer submits an updated declaration to the tax authorities. When recalculating for the current year, the information in the accounting book of expenses and profits for the same year is corrected. The best option for adjusting expenses is to issue a statement of calculation in the accounting department.

Profit from the sale of fixed assets is displayed when the money is credited to the current account (received at the cash desk).

Accounting for an asset when selling it below its residual value

Accounting for the sale of a tangible asset below its residual value is carried out by analogy, taking into account the sale of the asset at a profit.

Basic account assignments used to show the sale of an asset below its book value	Description
DT 62 (Payment with customers"), CT 91 (Other expenses and profits), subaccount. "Other income"	Revenue
DT 91, subaccount. “Other expenses”, KT 01 (OS)	The residual value of the object is canceled
DT 02 (Depreciation of OS), CT 01	Depreciation is canceled
DT 99, CT 91 (“Balance of other expenses and profits”)	Damage from selling fixed assets at a price less than the residual value
DT 91, subaccount. “Other expenses”, KT 68, subaccount. "VAT Payments"	VAT on the sale of an object
DT 91, subaccount. “Other expenses”, CT 10 (20, 23, etc.)	Expenses associated with the sale of the OS are canceled

The implementation of the OS in the 1c accounting program can be formalized using the document “Transfer of the OS”.

Example 1. Account assignments to reflect the sale of a light vehicle by Garant LLC to its employee N.I. Ledov below the residual value. Garant LLC sells a passenger car to its employee N.I. Ledov at a lower price than the residual value. This is not prohibited by law. The two parties enter into a purchase and sale agreement. After its signing, ownership passes to the buyer, another owner, N. I. Ledov.

The accounting department of Garant LLC displays all actions with proper account assignments. Write-off of a fixed asset occurs when the contract is signed and the car acquires a new owner.

Account assignments to display the sale of a car to N. I. Ledov is cheaper than the residual value	Description
DT 01 (sub-account “Elimination of OS”), KT 01 (OS)	The initial price of the car is canceled
DT 02, CT 01 (subaccount “Disposal of fixed assets”)	The amount of credited depreciation is canceled
DT 91 (subaccount “Other expenses”), KT 01 (subaccount “Departure of fixed assets”)	The residual price of the car is canceled
DT 62, KT 91 “subaccount. "Other expenses")	Profit of Garant LLC from the sale of the machine under the contract
DT 91 (subaccount “Other expenses”), KT 68 (subaccount “VAT payments”)	VAT calculation
DT 99, CT 91 (subaccount “Balance indicator of other expenses and profits”)	Damage to Garant LLC from the sale of the car
DT 50 (51), CT 62	Receiving money from N. I. Ledov for the car sold to him

Example 2. Sales of LLC "Proxy" workstation LLC "Media" below the residual value. Proxy LLC (seller) sells Media LLC (buyer) a workstation at a price less than its residual value. The transaction includes price indicators:

• station selling price (SP) - 400 thousand rubles. (VAT - 100,000 rub.);
• the initial price of the station (NC) is 600 thousand rubles;
• credited depreciation (ZA) - 150 thousand rubles;
• expenses of Proxy LLC related to delivery (TD) - 10 thousand rubles.

Based on these data, the following are calculated:

1. Residual value of the station (RT): NTs - ZA (600,000 - 150,000 = 450 thousand rubles).
2. Damage to Proxy LLC from the sale: PC - OST - TD (400,000 - 450,000 - 10,000 = 60 thousand rubles).

Proxy LLC in its accounting department displays related transactions (asset write-off, revenue, sales expenses, damage, etc.) with proper account assignments.

Account assignments to show the sale of a workstation at a price less than the OST	Description
DT 01, CT 01	Cancellation of the original cost of the workstation
DT 02, CT 01	Credited depreciation is canceled
DT 62, KT 91-1	Seller's income from sale
DT 91-2, KT 68	VAT crediting
DT 91-2, KT 01	Workstation OST is cancelled.
DT 91-2, KT 60	Expenses of Proxy LLC incurred in connection with the sale of the workstation (delivery) are cancelled.
DT 99, CT 91	Damage to Proxy LLC from the sale of the station
DT 09, CT 68	Creation of a deferred tax asset in the accounting of Proxy LLC
DT 68, CT 09	Monthly write-off of damage in tax accounting in equal parts

Answers to frequently asked questions

Question No. 1. Is it possible to determine the residual value of non-depreciable items?

With zero depreciation, the residual value is equal to the initial (replacement) value.

Question No. 2. How can a private entrepreneur cancel expenses using the simplified tax system if he has accounts payable for the purchased operating system?

Every amount paid to the seller is taken into account. Payments are written off in equal installments over reporting periods. And so on until the end of the year.

Question No. 3. How is VAT calculated and the tax base determined if the seller of the property works for UTII?

VAT is included in the initial price. In case of sale of an asset, the tax base is equal to the difference between the sale and residual value. If both indicators are the same, then the VAT base is not determined. If the asset was purchased before the application of UTII, VAT was not included in its original price. Then, when selling the operating system, VAT must be charged on the sale price.

The period is calculated as follows: SPI - FSE, where SPI is the useful life (by months), DSE is the actual service life. DSE is determined by the period starting from the first month following commissioning until the month the asset is sold.

Evgeniy Malyar

Bsadsensedinamick

# Business Dictionary

Calculation formulas, definitions

Fixed assets costing less than 40,000 rubles are not depreciated. Types of calculation of the cost of fixed assets: balance sheet, residual, replacement.

Article navigation

• What is the cost of fixed assets and how to calculate it
• Question of price
• Why is information about the cost of fixed assets needed and how is it provided?
• Types of cost of fixed assets
• Book value
• Residual value
• Replacement cost
• Average annual cost
• As the arithmetic mean
• Calculation based on the full book value of fixed assets
• Balance sheet method
• About the active part of the OS

What is the price of this or that enterprise? The clear answer to this question is determined by the cost of its fixed assets. The amount of assets is constantly changing for obvious reasons: machines wear out and become obsolete, new equipment is purchased. Accounting for these processes is reflected in the balance sheet items.

What is the cost of fixed assets and how to calculate it

Fixed assets include part of the property owned by the enterprise, which has the following distinctive features:

• minimum cost – 40 thousand rubles (in 2019);
• used for production and commercial purposes;
• is not a product (not for resale).

The term “fixed assets” is widely used in accounting.(F), meaning essentially the same fixed assets, including intangible assets.

During operation, there is a natural decrease in the value of fixed assets as they physically and morally age. The amount of depreciation of assets is transferred to the cost of finished products in the form of depreciation charges, due to which capacity is restored.

Question of price

Should property that costs less than 40 thousand rubles, but has all the other features of a PF, be classified as fixed assets? Organizations have the right to make their own decisions on this matter. Two options are allowed:

• inclusion of production assets reusable for a year or more in inventories;
• assigning them to the OS. In this case, the generally accepted limit of 40 thousand is reduced (for example, to the cost of a used computer, if the company does not have more expensive property);

However, in the vast majority of cases, accounting uses the first option (MPZ). Otherwise, there will be an increase in the fiscal burden on the enterprise. In tax accounting (Articles 374 and 375 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation), fixed assets are subject to property tax.

Fixed assets costing less than 40,000 rubles are not depreciated.

Why is information about the cost of fixed assets needed and how is it provided?

Assessing the real value of an asset is necessary in various situations that arise in the course of commercial activities. A certificate of book value is prepared by the accounting department in the following cases:

• request from the company's owners, who set the goal of analyzing the structure of non-current assets;
• the need to confirm the correctness of income and property tax calculations;
• when insuring property;
• to attract investors.

It should be remembered that all fixed assets are listed on the balance sheet at their residual value, that is, minus depreciation (“Accounting and Reporting Regulations”, paragraph 49).

It is also important that even a fully depreciated fixed asset is not excluded from the balance sheet if it continues to be used for production purposes. However, such objects may not be included in the specified certificate due to a zero residual value.

This document looks something like this:

Download sample

There is no single officially approved form of a certificate of book value, but in essence it is a table, always with a specified date. The document is valid for a relatively short period of time, usually a month.

An accountant prepares a certificate of the book value of fixed assets based on the balance sheet. Amounts are duplicated in words.

Types of cost of fixed assets

Accounting is carried out in two forms: cash and in kind. Since fixed assets, by definition, retain their natural appearance for a long time, when conducting an inventory, members of the commission make appropriate entries in the statements, for example: “CNC machine - 1 piece.”

However, such information only indicates the fact of the physical presence of this equipment, but does not reflect the change in cost during operation. For an objective assessment, three types are used:

• balance;
• residual;
• restorative.

They should be discussed in more detail.

Book value

When capitalized, fixed assets are reflected in the balance sheet at the cost of their creation (acquisition), plus all associated expenses:

Where:

SP – the cost of acquiring this property (price paid).
BUT - necessary fiscal and other deductions, including duties, fees, interest on a bank loan, etc.
НРi – items of expenses associated with the acquisition or creation of a fixed asset, with a total conditional quantity (n).

Total costs may include payment for transportation and procurement services, commissions, installation and commissioning of the facility, and other expense items.

In the case of modernization (reconstruction, restoration, addition, etc.) of fixed assets, their book value increases by the amount of costs. Partial liquidation, on the contrary, entails its reduction.

A common mistake of a novice accountant: capitalizing fixed assets immediately to account 01. Receipts of the general fund are correctly made to account “Investments in non-current assets” 08, which reflects the total expenses for the formation of the book value. Posting Dt01 - Kt08 is done by the accountant at the time of commissioning of the fixed asset.

Residual value

Everything is quite simple here. The measure of depreciation of a fixed asset is determined by its standard service life and actual service time. For example, it is known that a certain machine can perform its functions for five years (or 60 months). Every month one sixtieth part is deducted from its initial cost. Residual value is calculated using the formula:

Where:
OSTS – residual value of the PF.
OSB – book value of fixed assets.
Am is the monthly estimated depreciation, equal to the initial book value divided by the service life, expressed in months.
T – operating time in months.

Replacement cost

The real value of assets, including fixed assets, is significantly influenced by various pricing factors. At the beginning of each year, the accounting department makes appropriate adjustments to the balance sheet in order to bring the amounts indicated therein into line with the current market situation.

For example, some equipment that was previously purchased at a specific price has risen significantly in price, and now its restoration requires much greater costs than previously expected. On the other hand, if it is necessary to sell it, the amount of formal profit taking into account depreciation may turn out to be very large, and taxes unjustifiably high.

The revaluation procedure is described in the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Valuation Activities”, and independent experts are involved in the process.

The criteria for determining replacement cost are:

• real market price;
• the most likely costs of restoring a similar asset, taking into account its depreciation;
• replacement cost, that is, the costs required to create a similar object using modern technologies and materials. For example, instead of a slate roof, the factory building will be covered with metal tiles. Wear and tear is also taken into account;
• investment value derived taking into account the requirements for the return on invested capital;
• liquidation value is approximately equal to the market valuation, but the requirements for liquidity (the ability to sell quickly) are higher.
• recycling assessment. Takes into account the cost of the recyclable materials from which the object is made, minus the cost of retrieving them.

Average annual cost

Of course, the ideal option would be a “real-time” economic analysis of key performance indicators. A manager, coming to work in the morning, would simply open the appropriate program and see how his management decisions affect capital productivity or profitability. Unfortunately, this is not possible for a number of reasons, including:

• a certain inertia of any economic system;
• multifactorial influence causing ambiguous results;
• high complexity of data collection and calculations.

Therefore, a comprehensive calculation of many parameters, including the cost of fixed assets, is carried out at a given rhythm, usually once a year. For greater efficiency, the figure is taken as the average for the reporting period.

The average annual cost of an operating system can be determined in at least three ways, depending on the required accuracy.

As the arithmetic mean

This is the simplest method that does not involve a “deep dive” into the subtleties, circumstances and chronology of events. To implement it, you just need to take two numbers reflecting the situation at the beginning and end of the year, add them and divide by two.

OSsr = (OSng + OSkg)/2

Where:

OSng – the cost of the operating system at the beginning of January of the analyzed year.
OSkg is the cost of fixed assets at the end of December of the analyzed year.

The method captivates with its simplicity, clarity and compliance with the concept of “average”. However, it also has a significant drawback.

For example, at the very end of last year, the company finally acquired an automatic line, which the general director had long dreamed of. This high-performance equipment was very expensive, but it promises amazing economic benefits. Of course, in the remaining time the equipment did not have time to generate much profit, but its cost was included in the OSkg figure (see formula). If the average annual cost obtained using the arithmetic mean formula is used to calculate the efficiency (profitability) of an investment, then the result, to put it mildly, may be disappointing.

Fortunately, such distortions can be avoided by using other methods.

Calculation based on the full book value of fixed assets

The formula used to calculate the average annual cost of fixed assets using this method takes into account the commissioning of assets to the nearest month, which provides quite acceptable accuracy.

Where:
OSsr – average annual cost of OS.
OSvv – the cost of assets put into operation.
Т1 – number of months of operation of commissioned assets.
OSvyv – the cost of decommissioned assets.
Т2 – number of months without operation of withdrawn assets.

Often, accountants calculate property taxes, as they say, automatically. The procedure for calculating it has not changed for several years, and most of the pitfalls are already known. And the tax base must be determined using accounting data, which undoubtedly simplifies the task. But if on December 31 or the 1st of any month your organization accepted or wrote off fixed assets, accountants often wonder whether, when calculating tax, they should take into account the residual value of such an asset on the date of arrival and departure. Let's figure it out.

Reader's opinion

“ We sold fixed assets on December 31st. We started to prepare a property tax return and got to thinking. On the one hand, as of December 31, these operating systems still exist, but on the other hand, they are no longer there... We decided to draw up reports without taking into account the results of the sale of the operating systems, and then calmly think about it. And later they sent an update to the tax office. The inspector agreed with us.”

Natalia,
chief accountant, Moscow

As you remember, when calculating the tax base - the average annual (average) cost of fixed assets - the residual value of fixed assets is taken according to accounting data (that is, the difference between account balances) on the 1st day of each month of the tax (reporting) period and on December 31 I clause 1 art. 375, paragraph 4 of Art. 376 Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

It turns out that you need to decide: the balance of accounts 01 “Fixed assets” and 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” must be taken in the evening (outgoing, taking into account turnover for the day) or in the morning (incoming, excluding turnover). There are no direct instructions in this regard either in tax or accounting legislation.

Let's look at specific situations.

SITUATION 1. Your organization registered or deregistered fixed assets on December 31

For property tax, the tax period is calendar year d clause 1 art. 379 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The tax base is determined at the end of the tax period A clause 1 art. 55 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. This means that we can say that the tax base must be calculated taking into account all transactions that occurred with the OS for the period from 00.00 on January 1 to 24.00 on December 31.

To fulfill this requirement, define residual value of fixed assets as of December 31 necessary based on account balances 01 “Fixed assets” and 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” at the end of the day, that is, taking into account the turnover for the day. After all, if you take the balance at the beginning of the day, then the pre-New Year operation with the operating system will be overboard.

By the way, the Ministry of Finance also agrees that the residual value of fixed assets as of December 31st should be determined taking into account the transactions performed on that day. n Letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 14, 2010 No. 03-05-05-01/26, dated July 22, 2008 No. 03-05-04-01/27.

SITUATION 2. Your organization registered or deregistered fixed assets on April 1, July 1, or October 1

Reporting periods for property tax are the first quarter, six months and 9 months of the calendar year. A clause 2 art. 379 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The average value of the property, calculated upon completion, should be determined taking into account all transactions for the periods from January 1 to March 31, from January 1 to June 30 and from January 1 to September 30, respectively. The dates we consider are the 1st of the month following the reporting periods. And if you proceed as in situation 1 (calculate the residual value based on the balance at the end of the day), it turns out that the amount of the advance payment calculated based on the results of the reporting period will be affected by transactions on the arrival and departure of fixed assets that occurred after the end of the reporting period. And this, you see, is wrong. This means that when determining the average cost of fixed assets for the reporting period on the 1st day of the month following the reporting period, you need to take the opening balance of accounts 01 “Fixed assets” and 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” at the beginning of the day.

SITUATION 3. Your organization registered or deregistered assets on the 1st of any of the remaining months during the year

All these days are within both tax and reporting periods. Whatever balance we take (at the beginning of the day or at the end), the results of transactions with fixed assets falling on such dates will one way or another be taken into account when calculating the residual value of fixed assets. But, you see, it would be strange (without any indication of this in the legislation) to calculate the residual value of fixed assets on April 1, July 1 and October 1 according to the balance at the beginning of the day, and, say, on March 1 and November 1 - according to the balance at the end of the day. Therefore, you should do the same as in situation 2 - take the opening balance at the beginning of the day to determine the residual value.

So, we conclude: residual value of fixed assets on the 1st day of all months of the year should be calculated based on account balances 01 “Fixed assets” and 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” at the beginning of the day, that is, without taking into account the turnover for the day. The legitimacy of this position was confirmed to us by the Ministry of Finance.

From authoritative sources

Head of the Department of Property and Other Taxes of the Department of Tax and Customs Tariff Policy of the Ministry of Finance of Russia

“The tax period for corporate property tax is the calendar year d Art. 379 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is defined as the time period from 00.00 on January 1 of a calendar year to 24.00 on December 31 of the same year.

Therefore, to calculate the average annual value of property for the tax period, the residual value of the property formed according to the accounting rules as of the beginning of January 1 and, accordingly, as of the beginning of the 1st day of each subsequent month of the tax period, as well as the residual value reflected in the financial statements is included in the calculation property at the end of the calendar year, that is, taking into account transactions made on December 31.”

But financiers did not explain how to calculate the residual value of fixed assets on the 1st month of the calendar year. And when it is necessary to determine the residual value of fixed assets on the 1st day of a month, most accountants, without hesitation, take the balance of accounts 01 and 02 at the end of the day on the last day of the previous month. After all, in essence, this is the balance at the beginning of the day on the 1st day of the next month.

How to calculate the residual value of fixed assets when distributing profits between GO and OP?

When distributing profits between GO and OP, indicators of the residual value of fixed assets and labor costs are used. How to calculate it?

Question. When distributing profits between GO and OP, the indicators used are the residual value of fixed assets and labor costs. Should the residual value of fixed assets correspond to the indicators in the property declaration? Or is the entire residual value of the operating system taken? After all, the property tax declaration does not take into account the entire residual value of the fixed assets; for example, depreciation group 2 is not taken into account in calculating the property tax. There is also fixed assets for non-production purposes, should this also be included in the indicators of the residual value of fixed assets when distributing profits between the GO and the OP?

Answer. When determining the percentage of residual value, take into account all fixed assets that are depreciable property, regardless of whether they are subject to property taxes or not.

It is also necessary to take into account the cost of fixed assets, which are depreciable property, for which depreciation is not charged. The list of such fixed assets is established by subparagraphs 1-7 of paragraph 2 of Article 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. There is no need to charge depreciation on such items. However, in tax accounting they are classified as depreciable property, which means their value must be taken into account when distributing income taxes. Since depreciation is not charged on them, include their original (replacement) cost in the calculation.

Share of residual value of fixed assets

How to determine the share of the residual value of fixed assets for the distribution of profits between divisions

The share of the residual value of fixed assets of a separate division (to determine the share of profit attributable to it) is determined by the formula:

Determine the residual value of fixed assets for the reporting (tax) period in the same way as when calculating property tax in relation to objects for which the tax base is the average (average annual) cost. That is, in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article 376 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2013 No. 03-03-06/1/25274, Federal Tax Service of Russia dated October 2, 2009 No. 3-2-10/24). When determining the percentage of residual value, take into account all fixed assets that are depreciable property, regardless of whether they are subject to property taxes or not. At the same time, if an organization calculates depreciation using the straight-line method (), to determine the residual value, use tax data rather than accounting data (clause 1 of Article 257, Tax Code of the Russian Federation). If an organization calculates depreciation using a non-linear method, the residual value of fixed assets can be determined both according to tax accounting data and according to accounting data (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 25, 2009 No. 03-03-06/2/181). The selected option must be fixed in the accounting policy for tax purposes ().

Determine the residual value of fixed assets for reporting periods using the formula:

Determine the residual value of fixed assets for the tax period using the formula:

Do not include in your calculations items that are temporarily excluded from depreciable property under the following circumstances:

transfer (receipt) of fixed assets for free use;

transfer of fixed assets to conservation for a period of more than three months by decision of the organization’s management;

Situation: how to separate fixed assets of a separate division from all fixed assets of an organization to distribute income tax between the head office and a separate division of the organization

Allocate only those fixed assets that are actually used by the separate division.

The chief accountant advises: the actual use of fixed assets in the activities of a separate division must be documented. To do this, use analytical accounting data (accounting or tax). For example, if analytical accounting is organized by financially responsible persons, then take into account the fixed assets assigned to financially responsible persons of a separate division.

Document the transfer of fixed assets to the department with the appropriate documents (form No. OS-2, advice note). This will document the correct distribution of the regional part of the income tax between the head office and a separate division of the organization.

If an item of fixed assets is used in a department, but there are no transfer documents, the place of actual use can be confirmed by other documents. For example, if a car is accounted for on the balance sheet of the head office of an organization, but is actually used in a separate division, such documents will be waybills

Situation: when distributing income tax between the head office of an organization and a separate division, is it necessary to take into account the cost of fixed assets, which are depreciable property, for which depreciation is not charged?

Yes need.

The list of such fixed assets has been established

In the process of conducting business, organizations regularly acquire various assets, including expensive ones, with a long useful life. The calculation and payment of income tax and property tax and the reliability of financial statements depend on the correct assessment of such property.

In this article, we will consider the procedure for determining the initial cost of fixed assets in tax and accounting, the nuances of accounting for expenses for the acquisition and creation of fixed assets for the purpose of calculating income tax.

DEFINITION OF FIXED ASSETS

First of all, let’s figure out what property is classified as fixed assets and is depreciable for accounting and tax purposes, and what property is not subject to depreciation, despite meeting the general requirements for initial cost and useful life.

Determination of fixed assets for tax accounting

Articles 256, 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) indicate criteria for accounting for property as part of fixed assets. The property must:

• belong to the organization by right of ownership (unless otherwise provided by Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
• used as means of labor for the production and sale of goods (performance of work, provision of services) or for management purposes;
• have a useful life of more than 12 months;
• have an initial cost of more than 100,000 rubles. (from 01/01/2016).

Determination of fixed assets for accounting purposes

Accounting for fixed assets is carried out in accordance with the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Fixed Assets” (PBU 6/01), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 No. 26n (as amended on December 24, 2010; hereinafter referred to as PBU 6/01) . An asset is accepted by an organization for accounting as part of fixed assets if the following conditions are simultaneously met:

• the object is intended for use in the production of products, when performing work or providing services, for the management needs of the organization, or to be provided by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use;
• the object is intended to be used for a long time, that is, a period of more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;
• the organization does not intend the subsequent resale of this object;
• the object is capable of bringing economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future.

NOTE

In accounting there is no cost criterion for classifying property as fixed assets (unlike tax accounting).

In accordance with clause 3 of PBU 6/01 The following property of the organization does not belong to fixed assets:

• machines, equipment and other similar items listed as finished products in the warehouses of manufacturing organizations, as goods - in the warehouses of organizations engaged in trading activities;
• items handed over for installation or to be installed that are in transit;
• capital and financial investments.

FORMATION OF THE INITIAL COST OF FIXED ASSETS

The procedure for determining the initial cost of fixed assets for tax accounting purposes is regulated by the provisions of Art. 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, for accounting purposes - PBU 6/01.

Initial cost of the fixed asset is defined as the sum of the costs of its acquisition, construction, manufacture, delivery and bringing it to a state in which it is suitable for use. VAT and excise taxes are not included in the initial cost (except for cases where the inclusion of these taxes in the cost of fixed assets is provided for by the provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

If the main means received free of charge or identified as a result of inventory, its initial cost is determined as the amount at which such property is valued.

Initial cost of objects own production is defined as the cost of all actual expenses incurred for the production of the OS.

The initial cost of a fixed asset does not change during operation:

• with the exception of completion, retrofitting, modernization;
• reconstruction;
• technical re-equipment;
• partial liquidation of relevant facilities;
• on other similar grounds.

For completion work, retrofitting, modernization include work caused by a change in the technological or service purpose of equipment, a building, structure or other object of depreciable fixed assets, increased loads and (or) other new qualities.

Towards reconstruction for tax purposes includes the reconstruction of existing fixed assets associated with the improvement of production and increasing its technical and economic indicators and carried out under a project for the reconstruction of fixed assets in order to increase production capacity, improve quality and change the range of products.

Towards technical re-equipment refers to a set of measures to improve the technical and economic indicators of fixed assets or their individual parts based on the introduction of advanced equipment and technology, mechanization and automation of production, modernization and replacement of obsolete and physically worn-out equipment with new, more productive ones (Article 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

The initial cost of fixed assets for accounting and tax purposes may differ. The differences are indicated in the table. 1.

Table 1. Expenses that form the initial cost of fixed assets
Type of costs that form the initial cost of fixed assets	For tax accounting purposes	For accounting purposes
Amounts paid to the seller of fixed assets	Are taken into account	Are taken into account
Costs of delivery and bringing the fixed asset to a condition suitable for use	Are taken into account	Are taken into account
Fees paid to the intermediary organization through which fixed assets were acquired	Are taken into account	Are taken into account
Customs duties and customs fees that were paid when importing fixed assets into Russia	Not taken into account	Are taken into account
State duty paid for registration of real estate	Taken into account	Taken into account
Actual costs for the production of fixed assets of own production	Are taken into account	Are taken into account
Interest on targeted loans and loans received for the purchase or production of fixed assets, accrued before its commissioning	Not taken into account	Are taken into account
Depreciation bonus	Applicable	Not applicable

WRITTEN OFF THE INITIAL COST OF FIXED ASSETS

The original cost of a fixed asset is expensed through depreciation. Depreciation is accrued monthly, starting from the 1st day of the month following the month in which the object was put into operation, during the useful life of the object.

The useful life in accounting is determined by the organization independently. In tax accounting, it is determined within the time limits established by the Classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups (hereinafter referred to as the Classification of fixed assets), approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 1, 2002 No. 1 (as amended on July 6, 2015).

All depreciable property in tax accounting is combined into ten depreciation groups. Data on depreciation groups are given in table. 2.

Table 2. Data on depreciation groups
Depreciation group	Useful life of the property
First group	From 1 year to 2 years inclusive
Second group	Over 2 years up to 3 years inclusive
Third group	Over 3 years up to 5 years inclusive
Fourth group	Over 5 years up to 7 years inclusive
Fifth group	Over 7 years up to 10 years inclusive
Sixth group	Over 10 years up to 15 years inclusive
Seventh group	Over 15 years up to 20 years inclusive
Eighth group	Over 20 years up to 25 years inclusive
Ninth group	Over 25 years up to 30 years inclusive
Tenth group	Over 30 years

If the fixed asset is not named in any of the depreciation groups established by the Classification of fixed assets, the taxpayer establishes the useful life based on the recommendations of the manufacturer or in accordance with technical specifications.

Capital investments in:

• leased fixed assets in the form of inseparable improvements made by the lessee with the consent of the lessor;
• fixed assets provided under a gratuitous use agreement in the form of inseparable improvements made by the borrowing organization with the consent of the lending organization.

Depreciation is not charged in accounting by fixed assets:

• non-profit organizations (for them, information on the amounts of depreciation accrued in a straight-line manner is compiled on an off-balance sheet account);
• whose consumer properties do not change over time:

Land;

Natural resource management facilities;

Objects classified as museum objects and museum collections, etc.

DETERMINATION OF THE INITIAL COST OF FIXED ASSETS

Let's consider certain situations that may cause difficulties in determining the initial cost of fixed assets.

The property belongs to several owners

One fixed asset (for example, a building) may belong to several owners. Then each owner accounts for his part of the building as a separate inventory item.

The company acquired a share in the constructed building in the amount of 1/5 of the building.

The total cost of the building is RUB 11,800,000. (including VAT - 1,800,000 rubles).

Costs for legal support of the transaction (drawing out a share purchase and sale agreement, obtaining a state registration certificate, etc.) - RUB 177,000. (including VAT - 27,000 rubles).

The cost of state duty for registering real estate is 15,000 rubles. (without VAT).

The cost of the acquired share excluding VAT will be:

(RUB 11,800,000 - RUB 1,800,000) / 5 = RUB 2,000,000.

VAT on the purchased share:

2,000,000 rub. × 18% = 360,000 rub.

Accounting

Let us reflect the formation of the initial cost of the share of the building in the journal of business transactions. The log data is presented in table. 3.

Table 3. Formation of the initial cost of a building share
date		Account debit	Account credit	Amount, rub.	A document base
	The costs of purchasing part of the building are taken into account in the initial cost of part of the building				Purchase and sale agreement, transfer and acceptance certificate
	VAT on the purchased part of the building has been taken into account		60.1 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”		Invoice
	The costs of legal support of the transaction are taken into account in the initial cost of part of the building	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”	60.1 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”		Certificate of performed services
		19.1 “Value added tax on the acquisition of fixed assets”	60.1 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”		Invoice
	The cost of paying state duty is taken into account in the initial cost of part of the building	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”
	The main facility has been put into operation	01 "Fixed assets"	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”
			19.1 “Value added tax on the acquisition of fixed assets”	387 000 (27 000 + 360 000)	Entry in the purchase book

In accounting, the initial cost of the share of the building, formed on account 08.4 and written off to account 01 at the time of putting the fixed asset into operation, is equal to RUB 2,165,000. (2 000 000 + 150 000 + 15 000).

Tax accounting

The costs of paying the state duty for state registration of property rights are included in the initial cost of the fixed assets for tax accounting purposes based on the following reasoning. The fact of submitting documents for state registration of ownership is a mandatory condition for including a property in the depreciable property. Therefore, the costs of paying the state duty for state registration of property rights can be qualified as costs associated with the acquisition of a fixed asset.

According to paragraph 1 of Art. 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the initial cost of a fixed asset is defined as the sum of expenses for its acquisition, construction, production, delivery and bringing it to a state in which it is suitable for use. In this case, the state duty is the expense necessary to bring the fixed asset to a state suitable for use.

The organization decided to exercise the right to use bonus depreciation. According to paragraph 9 of Art. 258 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the taxpayer has the right to include in the expenses of the reporting (tax) period expenses for capital investments in the amount of no more than 10% (or no more than 30% in relation to fixed assets belonging to the third to seventh depreciation groups) of the original cost of fixed assets.

The building is assigned to the seventh depreciation group, its useful life is 190 months.

The depreciation bonus will be RUB 649,500. (RUB 2,165,000 × 30%). The organization will write off this amount as non-operating expenses in tax accounting in November, that is, in the month of putting the fixed asset into operation. Then the initial cost of part of the building in tax accounting will be equal to RUB 1,515,500. (2 165 000 - 649 500).

The land was purchased along with the building

A company can purchase a plot of land along with a building. In other words, two inventory items of fixed assets are acquired: a building and land. When purchasing at an auction, the cost of these objects may not be divided (that is, they are sold in one lot), and the company needs to reflect two different fixed assets in accounting: the building itself and the land plot. In this case, the total cost of the lot should be divided in proportion to one or another indicator (for example, in proportion to their book value).

Other costs for this transaction are divided in a similar manner. In this case, the cost of the building is formed on account 08.4 " Acquisition of fixed assets", expenses for the land plot are preliminarily taken into account in account 08.1 " Acquisition of land plots».

At an auction, the company purchases a building along with the land on which it is located. The price of this lot is RUB 8,496,000. (including VAT - RUB 1,296,000).

According to the documents, the book value of the building is 3,800,000 rubles, the land plot is 1,200,000 rubles.

Additional expenses associated with the purchase of real estate (fee for participation in the auction, costs of legal support of the transaction) amounted to 177,000 rubles. (including VAT - 27,000 rubles).

The cost of paying the state fee for registering real estate is 15,000 rubles, for cadastral registration is 600 rubles.

Let's distribute expenses between two fixed assets. To do this we find cost sharing ratio, which will be:

• by building:

RUB 3,800,000 / 5,000,000 rub. = 0,76 ;

• by land plot:

RUB 1,200,000 / 5,000,000 rub. = 0,24 .

We will determine the initial cost of the building and land.

The cost of the lot attributable to on the building:

(8,496,000 rub. - 1,296,000 rub.) × 0.76 = 5,472,000 rub.

The cost of the lot attributable to to the ground:

(8,496,000 rub. - 1,296,000 rub.) × 0.24 = 1,728,000 rub.

Let's calculate the share of additional costs.

in the cost of the building:

(177,000 rub. - 27,000 rub.) × 0.76 = 114,000 rub.

Share of expenses for legal support in land value:

(177,000 rub. - 27,000 rub.) × 0.24 = 36,000 rub.

Accounting

We will reflect the operations to form the initial cost of the building and land in the journal of business transactions. The log data is presented in table. 4.

Table 4. Formation of the initial cost of the building and land
date	Name of business transaction	Account debit	Account credit	Amount, rub.	A document base
	The costs of purchasing the building are taken into account in the initial cost of the building	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”	60.1 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”
	VAT on the purchased building has been taken into account	19.1 “Value added tax on the acquisition of fixed assets”	60.1 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”		Invoice
	The costs of purchasing the plot are taken into account in the initial cost of the land plot		60.1 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”		Agreement, acceptance certificate, settlement
	The costs of legal support of the transaction and preparation for the auction are taken into account in the initial cost of the building	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”	60.1 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”		Certificate of performed services
	The costs of legal support of the transaction and preparation for the auction are taken into account in the initial cost of the land plot	08.1 “Purchase of land”	60.1 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”		Certificate of performed services
	VAT is included on the costs of legal support of the transaction	19.1 “Value added tax on the acquisition of fixed assets”	60.1 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”		Invoice
	State duty is included in the initial cost of the building	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”	76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”		Submission of documents for state registration
	The state duty is taken into account in the initial cost of the land plot	08.1 “Purchase of land”	76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”		Submission of documents for state registration
	The building was put into operation	01 "Fixed assets"	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”		Certificate of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets into operation
	Land is included in fixed assets	01 "Fixed assets"	08.1 “Purchase of land”		Certificate of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets into operation
	VAT is accepted for crediting to the budget after the fixed asset is put into operation	68.2 “Value added tax”	19.1 “Value added tax on the acquisition of fixed assets”	1 323 000 (1 296 000 + 27 000)	Entry in the purchase book

In accounting and tax accounting, the initial cost of fixed assets will be the same.

Initial cost building:

RUB 5,472,000 + 114,000 rub. + 15,000 rub. = RUB 5,601,000.

Initial cost land plot:

RUB 1,728,000 + 36,000 rub. + 600 rub. = RUB 1,764,600.

The building will be depreciated in the general manner. Depreciation will be accrued from December 2015, that is, from the next month after the facility is put into operation. Depreciation is not charged for land plots.

Fixed assets created by the organization

Fixed assets can be created by the company itself (for example, the company built a building). In such a situation, the initial cost of the OS includes the following costs:

• cost of materials used;
• wages of personnel involved in the creation of fixed assets, with accruals (contributions to the Pension Fund and injury insurance);
• depreciation of fixed assets that were used to create the operating system, etc.

The costs of liquidating an object do not form the initial cost of a new object (even if the demolished object was located on the same territory as the dismantled one). Expenses for dismantling objects are included in non-operating expenses. According to Art. 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, they must be taken into account in the period in which they were produced. In accounting, these expenses are also not included in the initial cost of the object. The courts also adhere to this position.

The Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the East Siberian District dated November 17, 2015 No. F02-6011/2015 in case No. A78-11292/2013 noted that in PBU 6/01 the costs of dismantling are not directly indicated among the actual costs included in the initial cost of the main object funds.

At the same time, according to clause 3.1.7 of the Regulations on accounting for long-term investments, approved by letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 30, 1993 No. 160, costs that do not increase the cost of fixed assets are recorded on account 08 “Capital investments” separately from the costs of construction of facilities , determining their cost. Thus, the costs of dismantling the object are not included in the initial cost of the newly constructed construction project, either in tax or accounting.

The cost of construction and installation work performed on one's own during the construction of a fixed asset facility is subject to VAT. Subsequently, the accrued tax is deducted. Taxable turnover is calculated as the sum of all construction costs. If part of the work is performed by contractors (mixed method of construction), then the costs of paying for such work are excluded from taxable turnover. Operations for the construction of fixed assets by the contractor are not subject to VAT.

A manufacturing company built a building as a warehouse for its own needs (storage of material assets and finished products). The estimated cost of the work indicated in the design and estimate documentation is 8,100,000 rubles.

Construction was carried out in a mixed way (on our own and with the involvement of contractors), financing was carried out using our own and borrowed funds. For the construction of the facility, a loan in the amount of 5,000,000 rubles was taken out from the bank. for a period of two years at 20% per annum. According to the terms of the loan agreement, the interest rate in the agreement does not change during the entire validity period.

The facility was built and put into operation 6 months from the date of receipt of the loan. The amount of accrued interest during the construction period was 500,000 rubles, the monthly amount was 83,333.33 rubles. (RUB 500,000 / 6 months).

Accounting

Costs during the entire construction period (6 months) were collected in the account in the “Warehouse Construction” accounting analytics.

A summary of actual expenses incurred for the construction of a warehouse, collected on account 08.3, is presented in table. 5.

Table 5. Actual costs for warehouse construction
Cost item	Amount, rub.	Document	Accounting entries
Expenses for design and estimate documentation		Certificate of completion
Basic materials used for the construction of the facility		Material write-off act	Debit of account 08.3 “Construction of fixed assets” Credit of account 10.1 “Raw materials and supplies”
Depreciation of equipment used in the construction of a facility		Statement of depreciation charges	Debit of account 08.3 “Construction of fixed assets” Credit of account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”
Costs of operating construction machinery and equipment (providing them with fuel, electricity, etc.)		Waybills, meter readings, work completion certificates	Debit of account 08.3 “Construction of fixed assets” Credit of account 60.1 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”
Costs of paying wages to construction workers		Payroll sheet	Debit of account 08.3 “Construction of fixed assets” Credit of account 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”
Insurance contributions to extra-budgetary funds, including for injuries		Statement of calculation of insurance premiums	Debit of account 08.3 “Construction of fixed assets” Credit of account 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security”
Interest accrued and paid during the construction of the facility		Help-calculation	Debit of account 08.3 “Construction of fixed assets” Credit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”
Cost of contractor services		Certificates of completed work	Debit of account 08.3 “Construction of fixed assets” Credit of account 60.1 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”
Total costs	8 160 500

After completion of construction, an acceptance certificate for the constructed facility was drawn up and documents were submitted for state registration. On the date of submission of documents for state registration, the object is put into operation, that is, it is taken into account as part of fixed assets. A posting is made in accounting: Debit account 01 “Fixed assets” Credit account 08.3 “Construction of fixed assets” for the amount RUB 8,160,500.

Depreciation will be charged on the initial cost of the constructed facility using the straight-line method from the next month after its commissioning.

Tax accounting

In tax accounting, the initial cost of fixed assets will differ from the initial cost for accounting purposes. It does not include interest on a loan in the amount of 500,000 rubles. (for using the loan for 6 months while the facility was being built). In the tax register, the initial cost will be reflected in the amount RUB 7,660,500. (RUB 8,160,500 - RUB 500,000). It is this amount that will be written off monthly as expenses for profit tax purposes through depreciation.

Expenses in the form of interest on loans, borrowings and other debt obligations do not form the initial cost of fixed assets in tax accounting, but are taken into account as part of non-operating expenses within the limits provided for in Art. 269 ​​of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. This opinion is contained in the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 10, 2015 No. 03-03-10/12339.

The loan was received by the organization from the bank, the transaction is not controlled. Let us recall that from 01/01/2015 the rules for accounting for interest on debt obligations are set out in a new edition approved by Federal Law dated 03/08/2015 No. 32-FZ (as amended on 12/29/2015) “On Amendments to Part Two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation” . Main innovation— the rationing of interest on loans and borrowings for profit tax purposes has actually been abolished. Exception constitute only debt obligations recognized as controlled transactions. Therefore, the entire amount of accrued interest in the amount of RUB 500,000. the company will reflect in non-operating expenses taken into account for profit tax purposes.

VAT calculations

When constructing a facility using your own resources, a special procedure for VAT calculations applies. Every quarter, the organization charges VAT on the cost of work performed in-house. The price includes:

• materials used in the construction of the facility;
• depreciation;
• wages of production workers employed in the construction of the facility;
• insurance contributions to extra-budgetary funds accrued on wages.

During the entire construction period cost of work, carried out in-house, amounted to:

RUB 3,500,000 + 1,000,000 rub. + 500,000 rub. + 142,500 rub. = RUB 5,142,500.

The amount of VAT due for payment to the budget, accrued on the cost of work performed on one’s own - RUB 925,650. This amount can be accepted for offset after it is paid to the budget. In addition, VAT amounts on material assets purchased for construction and contract work performed can be accepted as credits to the budget.

Let’s assume that the cost of materials purchased for the construction of the facility was 3,776,000 rubles. (including VAT - 576,000 rubles). Work performed by contractors:

• RUB 139,240 (including VAT - 21,240 rubles) - operation of construction machinery and equipment;
• RUB 2,124,000 (including VAT - 324,000 rubles) - construction and installation work performed by the contractor.

VAT amount, due for credit to the budget for the constructed warehouse, will be:

RUB 576,000 + 21,240 rub. + 324,000 rub. = RUB 921,240.

VAT is accepted for credit in the quarter in which materials were purchased, contract work and services were performed.

Fixed assets received as a contribution to the authorized capital

Fixed assets received in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital are accounted for at the original cost agreed upon between the owners of the company (shareholders in a joint stock company, participants in an LLC).

joint stock company, then in accordance with paragraph 3 of Art. 34 of the Federal Law of December 26, 1995 No. 208-FZ (as amended on June 29, 2015, as amended on December 29, 2015) “On Joint Stock Companies” an independent appraiser is engaged to determine its market value.

NOTE

The value of the monetary valuation made by the founders of the joint-stock company and the board of directors cannot be higher than the value of the valuation made by an independent appraiser.

If the fixed asset is contributed to the contribution to the authorized capital limited liability companies, its monetary value is approved by a decision of the general meeting of founders. This condition is contained in paragraph 2 of Art. 15 of the Federal Law of 02/08/1998 No. 14-FZ (as amended on 12/29/2015) “On Limited Liability Companies”. If the nominal value of the founder's share in the authorized capital of the LLC, paid for by a non-monetary contribution, is more than 200 minimum wages established by law on the date of submission of documents for state registration, such a contribution must be assessed by an independent appraiser.

The minimum wage is 100 rubles. (Article 5 of Federal Law No. 82-FZ dated June 19, 2000 (as amended on December 14, 2015) “On the minimum wage”), therefore, property worth more than 20,000 rubles. assessed by an independent appraiser. The value of the property, approved by the founders, cannot exceed the valuation amount determined by an independent appraiser.

At the same time, the initial cost takes into account additional costs associated with the delivery of the fixed asset and other costs necessary to bring the fixed asset to a condition suitable for use.

If an organization transfers fixed assets as a contribution to the authorized capital, the amounts of “input” VAT on which were previously claimed for deduction, then at the time of transfer of such funds it is necessary to restore the amount of “input” VAT attributable to the residual value of the transferred objects and pay this amount to the budget (clause 3 of article 170 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). In accounting, the restoration of VAT is reflected by the posting: Debit to account 91 “Other income and expenses” Credit to account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” for the amount of restored VAT.

The company received a car from another organization as a contribution to the authorized capital. The initial cost of the car is 1,500,000 rubles, the amount of accrued depreciation is 500,000 rubles.

The general meeting of founders valued the car at 500,000 rubles, and according to an independent appraiser, the car costs 450,000 rubles. Accordingly, the car will be contributed to the authorized capital at the original cost of 450,000 rubles.

The cost of the appraiser's services was 15,000 rubles. (VAT is not assessed, since the company that carried out the assessment applies the simplified tax system). The costs associated with registering a car (change of owner with replacement of state registration plates and replacement of a vehicle passport) amounted to 3300 rub..

The question of whether the cost of paying state duty refers to the cost of bringing the car to a condition in which it is suitable for use is not clear-cut. On the one hand, the car is suitable for use regardless of whether the state duty has been paid or not. On the other hand, payment of the state fee is a condition for registering a car with the traffic police, without which it is impossible to use the car for its intended purpose.

In our opinion, in such a situation, the organization must independently determine whether the costs of paying the state duty for a car are considered expenses for bringing the fixed asset to a state in which it is suitable for use. If the taxpayer decides to take into account the cost of paying the state duty in the initial cost of the car, disputes with the tax authorities on this issue should not arise. So, in letters dated 04.03.2010 No. 03-03-06/1/113, 18.05.2009 No. 03-05-05-01/26, 29.09.2009 No. 03-05-05-04/61, 27.03.2009 No. 03-03-06/1/195 The Russian Ministry of Finance proposes to take into account state duty in the initial cost of fixed assets.

It would be useful to fix the chosen procedure for accounting for state duties in the organization’s accounting policies. In our example, the company includes the state duty paid to the traffic police in the initial cost of the fixed asset.

Accounting

Let us reflect the operations to form the initial value of a fixed asset received as a contribution to fixed capital in the journal of business transactions. The log data is presented in table. 6.

Table 6. Formation of the initial cost of a fixed asset received as a contribution to the authorized capital
date	Name of business transaction	Account debit	Account credit	Amount, rub.	A document base
	The founder's debt on contribution to the authorized capital is reflected	75 “Settlements with founders”	80 “Authorized capital”		Charter, minutes of the general meeting of founders
	The founder's debt on contribution to the authorized capital has been repaid	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”	75 “Settlements with founders”		Independent assessment report
	VAT recovered by the transferring party is taken into account	19.1 “Value added tax on the acquisition of fixed assets”	91.1 “Other income”		Certificate of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets
	Costs for appraiser services are included in the initial cost of the car	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”	76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”		Certificate of performed services
	The costs of paying the state duty to the traffic police are taken into account in the initial cost of the car	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”	76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”		Payment document, registration certificate
	VAT restored by the transferring party is accepted for deduction	68.2 “Value added tax”	19.1 “Value added tax on the acquisition of fixed assets”		Entry in the purchase book
		01 "Fixed assets"	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”		Certificate of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets

In accounting, the initial cost of the car was:

450,000 rub. + 15,000 rub. + 3300 rub. = RUR 468,300.

Tax accounting

For tax accounting purposes, the cost of fixed assets is recognized as equal to the residual value of the contributed property, determined according to tax accounting data on the date of transfer of ownership of the specified property, taking into account additional expenses that are recognized for tax purposes by the transferring party.

In our example residual value will be:

RUB 1,500,000 (initial cost of the car) - 500,000 rubles. (amount of depreciation accumulated at the time of transfer of fixed assets) = 1,000,000 rub..

Recovered VAT from the residual value:

1,000,000 rub. × 18% = 180,000 rub..

The amount of the restored tax is indicated in the documents that formalize the transfer of this asset (paragraph 3, subparagraph 1, paragraph 3, article 170 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Based on the clarifications of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, given in letter No. 03-07-11/109 dated April 21, 2009, the organization should not issue an invoice for the restored VAT amount. The basis for deducting this amount of VAT from the recipient of the property is the transfer documents. The restored amount of VAT is not included in the cost of the transferred fixed asset and is subject to tax deduction from the receiving organization in the manner established by tax legislation.

The initial cost of the car in tax accounting will be 1,000,000 rub..

Free fixed assets received

Fixed assets that the company received free of charge are valued based on their market price valid on the date of capitalization of the property. Market price determined according to statistics, official websites of the company, other media or established by an independent appraiser. The costs of paying for the services of an appraiser are included in the initial cost of the fixed asset. The same procedure applies to other costs for the acquisition of fixed assets.

The cost of fixed assets received free of charge is taken into account as part of other income at a time at the time of their receipt.

Transactions involving the transfer of fixed assets to other persons are subject to value added tax for the transferring party free of charge. The party that receives them is not charged VAT.

The company received production equipment free of charge. An independent appraiser was hired to evaluate it. The cost of the appraiser's services was 14,000 rubles. (VAT is not assessed, since the appraiser applies the simplified tax system). According to the appraiser's conclusion, the market value of the equipment is RUB 700,000. (without VAT). Expenses for the delivery of equipment and commissioning work performed by the organization itself amounted to 88,736 rubles.

Accounting

We will reflect the operations to form the initial cost of equipment received free of charge in the journal of business transactions. The log data is presented in table. 7.

Table 7. Formation of the initial cost of equipment received free of charge
date	Name of business transaction	Account debit	Account credit	Amount, rub.	A document base
	The cost of equipment received free of charge is reflected	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”	91.1 “Other income”		Certificate of independent appraiser, certificate of acceptance and transfer of equipment
	Costs for appraiser services are reflected	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”	76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”		Certificate of performed services
	The costs of equipment delivery and commissioning performed in-house are reflected.	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”	70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” corresponds with account 10.3 “Fuel”		Payroll sheets, waybills
	A car contributed as a contribution to the authorized capital is reflected in fixed assets	01 "Fixed assets"	08.4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”		Certificate of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets

In accounting, the initial cost of the equipment will be RUB 802,736. (700 000 + 14 000 + 88 736).

Tax accounting

Property received under contracts for free use is not subject to depreciation (Clause 3, Article 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Accordingly, its value will not be written off through depreciation deductions in tax accounting. The cost of property received free of charge will be taken into account as part of non-operating income in tax accounting on the date the fixed asset is recorded on the organization’s balance sheet, that is, December 23, 2015.

Change in the original cost of fixed assets

The initial cost of fixed assets changes in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization, technical re-equipment, partial liquidation of relevant facilities and on other similar grounds.

In May 2015, the organization modernized a fixed asset, which, in accordance with the Classification of fixed assets, belongs to the fourth depreciation group. The work was carried out by third-party organizations for two months. The cost of work performed by third parties amounted to 118,000 rubles. (including VAT - 18,000 rubles). The initial cost of the fixed asset at the time of commissioning is RUB 500,000.

Accounting

We will reflect business transactions for the modernization of fixed assets in the business transactions journal. The log data is presented in table. 8.

Table 8. Business operations for the modernization of fixed assets
date	Name of business transaction	Account debit	Account credit	Amount, rub.	A document base
	The cost of equipment modernization work is reflected	08.3 “Construction of fixed assets”	60.1 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”		Certificate of completion
	VAT is included on the cost of work performed	19.1 “Value added tax on the acquisition of fixed assets”	60.1 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”		Invoice received
	VAT on the cost of work performed is deductible	68.2 “Value added tax”	19.1 “Value added tax on the acquisition of fixed assets”		Entry in the purchase book
	Modernization work is included in the initial cost of the equipment	01 "Fixed assets"	08.3 “Construction of fixed assets”		Certificate of completion

The initial cost of the fixed asset in accounting and tax accounting after modernization will be 600,000 rub.. (500,000 rub. + 100,000 rub.).

The costs of modernization will be written off over the remaining useful life of the equipment through depreciation.

CONCLUSION

Correct determination of the initial cost of a fixed asset is very important for paying property tax and income tax. According to accounting data, the average annual value of property is calculated; according to tax accounting data, depreciation costs of fixed assets taken into account when calculating income tax are calculated. If you underestimate the tax base, then in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 122 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, non-payment or incomplete payment of tax amounts as a result of underestimation of the tax base entails a fine in the amount of 20% of the unpaid tax amounts.