In connection with the frequent power outages, unstable voltage and frequency in the power grid, more and more questions have been asked recently: How to provide yourself with electricity for the time when the main power supply is disconnected? Which source of autonomous power to choose? And how to do it?
First you need to decide on the conditions of the problem.
The first condition is load power consumption. This power consists of the capacity of individual consumers of electricity. The number of consumers, from the capacities of which the total load capacity is formed, will depend only on your desire. However, it should be borne in mind that those consumers that you did not include in this list should be disconnected during the operation of the autonomous power source. Failure to do so may result in overloading and even equipment failure.
So you need to understand what you want to get? Ensure a comfortable life at the time of disconnection, regardless of how much the network has been disconnected, or to get along with several especially important consumers, whose disconnection can lead to serious material costs (for example, a heating system).
A country house typically consumes from 5 to 40 kVA. This includes lighting, heating systems, water supply, sewage systems, household electrical appliances, security and fire alarm systems, video surveillance systems.
If you decide to power a part of consumers from an autonomous source (which is reasonable from the point of view of price), then from this entire list you need to choose, first of all, the most critical to the power failure of consumers (emergency lighting, heating system), and then we summarize them less critical loads. Electricity consumers who do not have an inductive component of power, are called active: incandescent lamps, heating devices. However, a simple summation of capacities will be fair until you reach the equipment that has inrush currents. It tends to consume several times the rated current at the time of launch. These currents must be considered and given the appropriate power margin (approximately 2.5-3.5 times). Such consumers are called inductive: electric drills, electric saws, pumps, compressors, refrigerators, laser printers, etc. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the coefficient of simultaneity, which shows the percentage of simultaneous operation of equipment.
Primary Power (Prime Rating Power)- this is the maximum power that a DGU can develop during continuous operation at variable load for an unlimited time.The average load in a 24-hour period is 70%, unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer. Overload for 1 hour at 12 hours of work is not specified by ISO, but is allowed. The minimum value of the load DGU is 25% of the power PRP.
That is, if you assume that your generating set will work as the main source of electricity, then you need to focus on this power. If the PRP value is not specified, then this generating set can operate only as a backup power supply.
Auxiliary and reserve power (Emergency Standby Power)- this maximumwhich DGU can develop when working on variable load during a possible interruption in the power grid, which DGU reserves, with an annual time of no more than 500 hours. Average power over a 24-hour period is 70%, unless otherwise stated by the manufacturer. Overload is not allowed.
The minimum load of DGU is not regulated, but it is 25% of the power of PRP.
That is, this is the power that the generator set can develop for a short time, as a backup power source. ESP power is always greater than PRP power, since it is the power that the generating set develops for a short time (no more than 500 hours per year), but overloading is not allowed.
Thus, the calculation of power consumption is not as simple as it seems at first glance, the task. And we recommend to contact the specialists for correct and correct assessment of power consumption and error-free selection of equipment.
The next important component of the condition of this problem is battery life, that is, the time that your autonomous power supply will work until it recovers and reaches the permissible limits of the voltage of the main power supply network.
To determine this parameter, you need to analyze how often and how much time power outages occur and, based on this, determine the battery life required for you.
Let me explain why this is important. With short-term power failures with a small periodicity, one of the solutions to the problem of autonomous power supply is to install an uninterruptible power supply that uses battery power in autonomous mode, the number of which can be increased depending on the required battery life (up to several tens of minutes). With longer and frequent trips, a solution to the same problem is to install a generator set, for which you also need to provide an adequate supply of fuel, depending on the required battery life.
And one more thing to consider when setting the conditions for this task is the availability of equipment that is critical to various kinds of jumps, pulses, voltage drops and deviations of the frequency of the main power grid. These are electronic control units for equipment (for example, a heating system boiler), computers, alarm and fire alarm controllers, plasma panels, etc. That is, equipment that requires high-quality power supply, otherwise it may not work correctly or simply fail.
Now that the conditions of the problem are known, we can begin to solve it. There are several options for technical solutions.
UPS according to the principle of operation can be divided into two groups: Off line and On Line. Off Line (Stand-By)a type of UPS that allows the load to be interrupted while switching from the input mains to the inverter (transfer time, or switching time). On line A type of UPS that provides continuous and filtered power to the load. By definition, on-line UPSs have zero switching time; load never sees power interruption.
As a rule, single-phase UPS from 4 to 10 kVA of On Line class are used as a backup power source for country houses.
Compared with backup generator sets, UPSs have a number of undeniable advantages.
- significantly higher safety factor;
- long time between failures;
- high quality power output;
- no need for periodic maintenance and replacement of consumables;
- noiseless operation;
- easy connection and installation.
However, to ensure a relatively long autonomy time (from several tens of minutes to several hours), the UPS should be equipped with a sufficient number of batteries (hereinafter referred to as batteries) of a certain capacity, which will most often be limited by the technical capabilities of the UPS, namely the capabilities of the battery charger. In addition, the battery life will depend on several parameters: the load on the UPS, the efficiency of the particular inverter, the ambient temperature, the condition and the degree of battery wear.
Of course, there is the possibility of creating a powerful uninterruptible power system with a long autonomy time. But this raises the question of the economic validity of such a decision, and this is an important factor in the process of choosing an autonomous power source.
At present, there are many different kinds of generating sets on the Russian market, a wide range of capacities of a multitude of manufacturers, various versions of which will make even a sophisticated buyer think.
Below we give a classification of the main features of the design of generating sets. And we give a brief explanation, so to speak, at the household level for each of the classification items.
By type of performance
- portable - household, semi-professional and professional gasoline or diesel generator sets with a capacity of up to 12 kVA, can be used as backup power sources; to power consumers with medium and high intensity; for individual activities. They have an air cooling system, they can be with upper or lower valve timing, reliable, convenient and unpretentious in operation.
- stationary - professional diesel power plants with capacity from 10 to 2500 kVA, are used as the main and backup power sources. They have a liquid cooling system, as a rule, with the upper location of valves in the gas distribution system, excellent resource indicators, low operating costs. Requires professional installation.
By way of cooling
- air-cooled - generator sets that are cooled by ambient air.
- water-cooled - generator sets that are cooled with liquid (as a rule, glycol mixtures with water).
Used fuel
- gasoline - generator sets, which use gasoline as fuel.
- diesel - generator sets, which use diesel fuel as fuel.
The frequency of rotation of the engine crankshaft
- 3000 rpm - engines operating at this frequency are cheaper and less, but much more noisy, with higher fuel and oil consumption and have a lower resource;
- 1500 rpm - these engines are quieter, with less consumption and a higher resource. Can be used as a primary power source.
By type of alternator
- with a synchronous generator, have a higher quality of electricity, capable of carrying short-term overload;
- with asynchronous generator, structurally easier and cheaper. However, they have a rather low quality of electrical power at the outlet and are not capable of overloads.
By the number of phases
- single-phase (220 V 50 Hz), only single-phase consumers can be powered from such a generator set;
- three-phase (380 V, 220 V 50 Hz) from such a generator set can be powered as a three-phase consumers, and single-phase. However, it should be borne in mind that the power of one phase of a three-phase station is 3 times less than the total capacity of the installation. It is also necessary to ensure the uniformity of loading of the phases in order to avoid the so-called "skew" of the phases, which badly affects the state of the generating set.
According to the location of the valve timing system
- with lower valve arrangement;
- with overhead valves.
By way of launch
- manual - it is used only for small portable stations, the launch takes place with the help of a cord by unwinding the engine crankshaft to the required frequency for starting;
- electric starter - used for all installations, start-up takes place with the help of electric starter by turning the ignition key;
- automatic - used for installations in which the automatic launch function is implemented. Requires additional equipment. Not necessarily the presence of a person at the start and taking the load.
Now consider the main types of generator sets in the complex.
Generator sets with 2 or 4 stroke gasoline engine
- 2-stroke engines, as a rule, are put only on the most low-power and compact generator sets (time between failures is not more than 500 hours);
- 4-stroke gasoline engines are placed on more serious stations, but not more than 15 kVA (no more powerful than gasoline engines). Time to failure from 1000 to 4000 hours. The main producers are the American company Briggs & Stratton; and Japanese Honda.
Generator sets with 4-stroke diesel engine.
Air-cooled diesel generators are intermediate between gasoline and liquid-cooled diesel engines. Air-cooled diesel generator sets up to 6 kVA are not much different from their gasoline counterparts, although they have a long life and are more reliable. MTBF is more than 4000 hours. The main manufacturer is the Japanese company Yanmar.
More powerful diesel engines with air cooling up to 20 kVA are capricious to the fuel quality, quite noisy and bulky. So in this case it is better to look for an alternative among diesel engines with liquid cooling. The main manufacturer is the German company Hatz.
Diesel engines with liquid cooling are the most reliable and durable. MTBF is up to 20,000 hours. They are industrial grade installations.
The most acceptable in terms of equipment with various options. Major manufacturers from 6 to 20 kVA:
- Mitsubishi, from 20 to 275 - John Deere, from 200 to 500 kVA
- Volvo and Perkins, more than 500 kVA - MTU.
Now let's summarize this solution. With frequent and prolonged power outages or in the absence of an external network, the choice is obvious. However, if we return to the third condition of the problem of consumers critical to interruptions and the quality of electric power, we see that this solution is not very acceptable, since from the moment the voltage drops to the time it is restored by the generator, there is an interruption in the power supply and the generator does not protect against input network distortion.
In order to ensure uninterrupted power to consumers that are critical to the quality of electricity and at the same time have a sufficiently long autonomy time, we recommend using the UPS and GU joint operation. At the time of the power outage of the main power grid, the UPS supplies the most responsible consumers with battery energy. The remaining consumers remain de-energized until the launch of the generating set. After starting the UPS, the UPS goes into normal operation and charges the battery. This is the most acceptable option in terms of reliability.
However, when the UPS and PG are working together, it must be borne in mind that when calculating the PG power, the UPS power calculated earlier must be summed up with the power of the remaining electricity consumers, taking into account the safety factor (1.3-2 depending on which rectifier UPS and whether THD-filters), taking into account the harmonic distortion of the UPS. So, as we see, the solution to the problem of backup power supply is a rather complex and multifaceted task that requires serious study. This takes into account many factors related to both the load and equipment. We recommend that when solving problems of this kind in order to avoid making mistakes and to save your time, consult with specialists.
(SAP) is used only when the external power supply network is not connected to the house.purpose
Minimize the total cost of the autonomous power system (EPS) at home for a long time.
As part of the considered SAP are meant:
- electric generator on an internal combustion engine;
- lead acid battery unit;
- battery charger;
- inverter (battery voltage converter to ~ 220V).
Reduce the time of the generator to 3.5 hours per day. Maybe it can be somewhat faster, but there is a certain duration of chemical processes in lead-acid batteries, and there is a limit on the temperature of the battery (40-45 ° C).
Generator fuel costs
For simplicity, other operating costs for the generator are not considered - they are relatively small.
- Let the average consumption of the generator - 2 liters of fuel per hour.
- Let the fuel cost - 20 rubles. per liter.
- Let the generator in the composition of the SAP works 7 hours a day.
If it is possible to reduce the time of the generator to 3.5 hours per day, then there is only a savings on fuel - 500 thousand. rubles for 10 years.
Generator resource
If the generator works 7 hours a day, then its resource - 2 500 hours will be spent for 1 year. With the cost of a generator with auto start 35 thousand rubles, for 10 years they will have to replace 5 units with one overhaul in the amount of 175 thousand rubles.
If we manage to reduce the generator operation time to 3.5 hours per day, then there is only a savings on the generator resource - 87 thousand. rubles for 10 years. And taking into account the cost of fuel - 590tys. rub. for 10 years.
Why did Andrew start thinking from 7 o'clock? This time is close to the most frequently used by people who did not make calculations of the cost-effectiveness of SAP.
How can you reduce the time of the generator?
There is only one way - due to the accelerated charge with a large current, the batteries of sufficiently large capacity.
There is a problem here - when charging the batteries with a current close to their limit, they start to get very hot, when overheating they fail very quickly. Overheating of the battery is highly dependent on the ambient temperature.
Some modern batteries allow charge currents of up to 0.2 ° C (i.e., up to 20% of the battery capacity in ampere hours) - this is true, at an ambient temperature of 20 ° C. If the battery is discharged to a residual capacity of 30%, and charged with a current of 0.2 ° C for 3.5 hours, then (with battery charge efficiency = 70%) in 3.5 hours we will get a charge on the battery equal to 80%.
Here is a graph of the voltage of a lead-acid battery on the level of charge. According to Andrei, this is true at 20 ° C and with the battery disconnected from the whole for several hours.
However, at the same time, we use only 80-30 = 50% of the useful capacity of the battery, i.e. you need to buy them by capacity 2 times more than the theoretical value of energy consumption in the house.
Why does the battery need to discharge only up to 30%, and not to zero, and charge only up to 80%, and not up to 100%?
Discharging the battery to less than 30% is not recommended, because they, at the same time, will begin a sharp decline in the resource. Pre-charge batteries from 80 to 100% must be produced with low currents for many hours (at least 6 hours), which, with frequent use, is absolutely unprofitable for fuel and generator life (see above).
Problem
It is known that in the case of systematic undercharging of lead-acid batteries, their resource is significantly reduced.
What are the options?
- There are modern batteries that (according to the manufacturer) are relatively resistant to systematic undercharging, for example, the Challenger G12FT. Despite this, it is recommended to carry out a full, 12-hour battery charge with a good charger (starting at 0.1 ° C) at least once a month.
- You will read about the "Economical (" two-stroke ") autonomous power system", which is completely devoid of this disadvantage, but "in return" requires additional, but payback investment.
To calculate the capacity of the battery, Andrei gives some practical estimates for a hypothetical house (80-150 sq. M., Heating and cooking food - not on electricity). With a permanent residence of 3-4 people, if you do not do stupid things, then the average daily electricity consumption in winter can be up to 700W / hour (24-3.5) hours = 14.4 kW / hour. Given the low discharge and undercharging, the battery should have 28.8 kW / hour. Those. - A battery with 12Vx150Ach parameters should be 16pcs.
About the calculation of the cost of the battery
If you take batteries like OpzS (and these are the most cost-effective batteries), then at a unit price of 19 tr. (very approximately) it will be necessary to spend 19 tons. * 16pcs = 304 thousand rubles. With the specified discharge characteristics (30-80%), the number of charge-discharge cycles for this type of battery will be about 1600, i.e. 4,4 years. When recalculated, for 10 years the cost of all batteries will be 304 * 10 / 4.4 = 690 thousand rubles. And at 7 o'clock (per day) the generator would have to have them in the amount of 590 thousand rubles.
"Losses" for 10 years: 690-590 = 100t.r. (compare with the amount of 590t.r. losses on the generator !!!).
About choosing a charger (memory)
The memory is an important node in SAPs, since from the correct battery charge depends on their lifespan. It should be branded, and not less than 3 steps of charge and should provide each battery with charging current of at least 0.2C. It is also desirable to have a sufficient number of adjustments to adjust for different modes of operation. Well, and, naturally, its output voltage should coincide with the voltage of your battery pack (24 or 48 Volts). 12V for such a powerful system, Andrew does not recommend.
Attention
When charging the battery, it is very important not to overheat the batteries, otherwise they will fail very quickly.
Require the supplier to complete documentation on the battery (including TU) and act strictly according to the documents.
About choosing an inverter
Inverter is a rather complicated and capricious system. It should be:
- branded,
- must have sufficient stationary and starting power,
- should have a sinusoid output (and not a square wave or even a modified sinusoid),
- should have a service in your city,
- naturally, it should work exactly from the voltage that you build from your batteries,
- and also a lot of options and wide functionality will not hurt.
About battery selection
The choice of lead-acid batteries for power systems can be read -.
Conclusion
Reducing the daily operating time of the generator from 7 to 3.5 hours will give for 10 years a solid economic effect, for our example - about 490 thousand. rubles.
Note to conclusion
In this method, a qualified "balancing" of the system should be applied, since when the battery charge current is exceeded (and most importantly, their temperatures), they will fail very quickly. If for this type of battery you need to slightly increase the charge time, then this will probably be correct (all the same, everything must be considered).
Forced cooling of a battery, such as a fan, will greatly help to increase their service life (the basement is an ideal place for a battery with any system, and especially for this method).
Posted by the participant of the House and Dacha forum Andrey A.A.
Editor: Roman Adamov
Construction in a rarely populated area is accompanied by a number of difficulties. On the one hand, living on the outskirts is a pledge of peace, tranquility and a positive environmental situation. At the same time, in such places there are problems with infrastructure and communications. Lack of electricity is the main problem that needs to be addressed first. Laying the electrical line from the central network is expensive, so a cost-effective solution will be self-powered section.
Advantages and disadvantages of the introduction of autonomous power
The indisputable advantages of switching to your own grid are:
- Full independence from the centralized power supply.
- Lower cost of 1 kW of electricity when using alternative energy sources.
- Power supply stability.
- The possibility of selling over-generated electricity to the network.
Having at its disposal an autonomous power supply system at home, it is possible to get uninterrupted electricity, even at those moments when those around it are temporarily deprived due to the performance of repair work on power transmission lines. Autonomous systems have disadvantages. These include:
- The high cost of equipment.
- Loss of storage space required for equipment placement.
Alternative energy sources for home power
Now the development of technologies allows using the following systems as a source of electricity:
- Petrol and diesel generators.
- Solar power plants.
- Wind power stations.
All these types of equipment have a different cost, as well as profitability. In addition, for their installation requires the observance of certain conditions, which is not always possible in some cases. This primarily depends on the location of the site and other factors.
Petrol and diesel generators
Such generator sets are the most reliable, while they are cheaper than other systems. Unfortunately, the very cost of producing 1 kW of energy is very high. Such equipment is an internal combustion engine that is connected to an electricity generating coil. The motor spins it, and it in turn creates an electric current.
The most compact are petrol generators. They are very light, but in such a performance in power they are able to provide with energy only a few weak household appliances, such as lighting. More serious generators give out enough energy for full use of all available household equipment in the house. They are quite productive to power serious consumers, such as, or.
The most cumbersome, but also profitable in terms of the ratio of the cost of fuel and the energy received are diesel generators. But they, like gasoline equipment, are rarely used as a full-fledged autonomous power supply. The high cost of obtaining energy forces them to be used only as a backup source at the time of interruptions to the central power grid.
Consumption of a diesel generator to produce 1 kW per hour is 250 g of fuel. Thus, even when using the generator to power only the TV, and in an hour about a liter of diesel fuel will be burned. Constantly paying such a price for such a small amount of electricity is absolutely unprofitable.
In addition to the high cost of such equipment is not without other shortcomings:
- Noise in the work.
- The need for manual periodic refueling of the tank.
- The inability to work around the clock continuous, because the equipment needs to be cooled.
- Difficulties with the launch of the cold season, especially diesel generator machines.
Since such an autonomous power supply is used as a temporary one in case of interruptions in the central power grid, it is often connected in parallel to it. In addition to the generator itself, with an inverter built into it, it also uses an automatic start system to convert electricity from DC to AC. It takes on the responsibility of starting the generator when the power is turned off in the central network. Equipment can be configured for various parameters. For example, the generator starts 2 or 3 minutes after the loss of electricity. Thus, there is no need for the usual manual start. As soon as the voltage in the central network starts flowing again, the equipment will automatically shut off and the generator engine will stop.
Autonomous power on solar batteries
Such self-contained power is much more preferable than fuel generators on internal combustion engines. The most important advantage of such systems is the very low cost of producing 1 kW of energy. For the operation of the solar battery requires only sunlight, which comes for free. The principle of such systems is to convert light photons into free carriers of electric charge.
In order for such a system to produce really enough power for the operation of household appliances in a house, it is required that it have a large area. One square meter of the surface of the solar battery provides power of about 100 watts, at voltages up to 25 V. This is very small, and only enough to slowly charge or power the light bulbs.
In order for the solar battery to give an electric current of the required parameters needed for the operation of equipment intended for 220 V AC, installation of additional equipment is required:
- Inverter.
- Controller.
- Rechargeable batteries.
Inverter converts the DC voltage to AC, bringing it under identical parameters with electricity at 220V from the central network. In some cases, the solar battery can be connected to equipment insensitive to voltage parameters. It can be heating heating elements heating water for household needs or in the heating system.
In order to get all the benefits of using a power plant, it is necessary to accumulate excess energy for its subsequent use. Such a source of energy allows you to generate electricity only during the day in sufficiently bright sunlight. At night, batteries are completely useless. To solve this problem, apply controller charge, which recharges the battery. The accumulated electricity on it is fully or partially consumed in the evening and at night, and in the morning the charge is again replenished from solar panels.
At first glance, solar panels are an absolutely perfect solution when cost-effective self-powered power is required at home.
However, such systems are not without flaws:
- The high cost of solar panels and other equipment.
- The need for periodic cleaning of the surface of the battery from a layer of dust, reducing their effectiveness.
- Batteries take up a lot of space and require placement on the sunny side of the site.
Many of the shortcomings of solar power plants are completely solvable. Often, problems with the placement of such equipment are solved by its installation on the roof, thereby not being occupied by the storage space. This immediately solves the problem with shading, because small fruit trees and farm buildings do not create a disturbing shadow. As for the high cost of equipment, modern solar panels have a great resource, so they manage to pay off much earlier than they fail. However, it should be borne in mind that such an energy source implies a constant charge and discharge of the battery. From this, its resource is quickly reduced. To have an adequate supply of energy at night, the battery will have to be periodically changed.
Autonomous power from the wind
In this case, the energy source is a wind generator. This is also a rather expensive equipment, but it is more compact than the solar electrical system. It can be said that windmills combine the design features of generators on internal combustion engines and solar panels. Windmills and generators on fuel are similar, but the first ones receive torque as a result of pushing the blades off with the wind, which is naturally free, and diesel or gasoline cars remove it from the engine. The similarity of wind turbines with solar panels is the need to use similar auxiliary elements - an inverter, a controller and rechargeable batteries.
The positive sides of wind turbines include:
- Very low cost of producing 1 kW of energy.
- The need for a small area for installation.
- Maintainability system.
As for the shortcomings, there are many:
- Strong noise at work.
- The instability of obtaining energy in the absence of wind of sufficient strength.
- The difficulty of maintenance due to the location of the wind generator on the dais.
- Interference impinging on communications.
- The need for location at a distance within a radius of 20 m from buildings and tall trees.
The hum of a windmill is often unbearable, especially if it has not been serviced for a long time. It is created not only by the bearings, but also by the wind in contact with the blades. As a result, such an autonomous power supply will not work in the case when the wind generator must be placed close to the house.
Because of this ban, I was forced to use chemical current sources. Specifically, such batteries:
At first I was engaged in mechanics and electrical engineering, did various mechanisms with electric motors, but there was nothing to power them. The electric motors were similar (with great difficulty I found a photograph of the engine on the Internet):
It was very interesting to play with hand-made mechanisms. But after a short time the charge ended, because the batteries were not at all like the modern “Duracell”, the engines also did not shine with efficiency, and the design made by the child was far from economical. It was not easy to beg new batteries from adults. They might want to buy them for me, but they sold batteries only in the district center, they traveled 25 km there, not every month someone went there. So I sat on a starvation ration, sorting out the used batteries in a circle, knocking on them with a hammer and pinching them in the front door to at least somehow prolong their work.
Accumulators at that time I saw two types: something like 6ST-55, which were installed in cars, and D-025 disk batteries, which stood in a fashionable flashlight, charged from the network. There was no such flashlight in our family. I knew about them only for the reason that the neighbors gave me for the parts a few of these lanterns in which the batteries lost capacity. And this happened, they said, pretty quickly. In this flashlight, by the way, there was a very unusual rectifier element. Other types of batteries are seen only in the pictures in the books. Therefore, there was no confidence in the batteries, and they were some kind of exotic. There were batteries. Swallowing saliva, I looked at the mechanisms working from the network. What happiness, they could work forever! Since then, a negative attitude towards autonomous power has been developed.
When I went to school, I was allowed to work with the network. The first thing I did was a network laboratory power supply.
Transformer shook himself, and the primary, and the secondary. Iron was taken from the burned-down power transformer of a lamp radiol. My output voltage was regulated by switching the secondary windings. As I recall, with what labors it was possible to find at least one of the materials - horror. All the sheet aluminum, which I owned most of my childhood, it was a lid from an ejected washing machine "Riga". However, now the materials are not much better. The BP transformer was fastened with tin stripes, which were screwed to the wooden base with nails with M4 thread cut into them. Happiness that taps and dies have been with me since early childhood. Galetnik - and the half-homemade. I do not remember for what reason it had to be redone. For the front panel found a piece of blue plastic. In the childhood of such plastic there were large sheets, they were used somewhere in construction. But this plastic was processed very poorly, it was similar in properties to polyethylene. But I had a piece of foil fiberglass! I cut tracks on it and installed a bridge on the D226 and a capacitor. It can be said, the PSU was placed on the PCB! This power unit has served me all the school years and in fact is my most useful design in life. Although in high school I made a new power unit, more powerful, but I still used mostly the old one.
I also had a power supply unit for powering lamp structures (+300 V anode and ~ 6.3 V heat), but this is an industrial design. In some tube radio radiators, the BP was carried out on a separate chassis, and from there I took it. He also had a case with a panel of the same blue plastic, but, alas, there is no photo of the case. In general, all these photos were taken recently, before the devices of the decade were lying in the dust of the attic.
In subsequent years, I made designs only with network power. Autonomous devices - this is something inferior. For example, a portable tape recorder is always worse than a stationary one, and a portable receiver is worse than a radiometer. And well, if the tape recorder has a network power supply. Otherwise, there will be eternal torment with batteries, which, when necessary, are not at hand. Similarly, other devices, for example, measuring. A sign of high class is the network power.
Once again I encountered autonomous power in 1998 when I decided to make myself a generous 30th birthday present and bought a portable Panasonic SL-S200 CD player on the market.
At that time I already had a stationary compact player made from the wreckage of a Sony car player. The case is self-made, the power supply unit and the analog part are self-made, an additional AT89C2051 processor for implementing IR remote control.
Together with the Panasonic SL-S200, the sellers decided to sell me a GP battery and a charger for them. Panasonic itself had a network power supply, but at 110 V. To him, the good sellers gave a small autotransformer, “camelina,” as it was called for the brown color of the plates. I, of course, did not use it, but redid the power supply unit, replacing the transformer in it. The case took from some other adapter, the native was too small. Only the label neatly sawed and pasted into his body.
I also had to immediately abandon the headphones that came in the kit. But I had a Sony MDR-14, bought in a store for $ 16. In general, an interesting time was then - in a store on the central avenue of the capital, they officially traded for dollars. I gave a twenty (and it was then a lot of money), from the cash register I got the change - 4 edinichki. GP batteries did not go to any comparison with the batteries. Moreover, there was nowhere to charge them - the purchased charger emitted smoke when it was first turned on. So I was once again disappointed in the batteries. The player listened mainly at home, feeding it from the network. Mobility needed only within the apartment. I tried to take somewhere with myself, but I don’t feel like listening to music outside. So he spent more than 16 years, almost without leaving home.
The next time when my life again pushed me with autonomous power, it was the purchase of the first Nikon 2100 digital camera. The set included batteries, labeled Nikon. Of course, out of habit, I decided to power the batteries. But was upset by how quickly they run out. Surprisingly, the batteries worked much longer. Moreover, the kit included a quick charger from Nikon too. For the first time in my life I saw something good in batteries. I really wanted to buy the same batteries as a second set. It is unlikely that Nikon makes the batteries itself, most likely takes from someone else. I began to scrutinize the batteries sold. Sanyo batteries were exactly the same, even the letters HR on the bottom were also stamped. Only they had a capacity of 2300, and those with a Nikon label, 2100.
Frightened by bad GP batteries, hesitated to buy these Sanyo for a long time, because batteries are not cheap things. But still bought. In life, joy rarely happens, but here is the case. Purchased batteries worked as long as their relatives.
When it came time to change the camera, the question arose of charging 4 AA batteries. An attempt was made to make your charger as good as purchased. But this attempt failed. I don’t understand how in such a small size a networked impulse fits, and a charging control circuit individually for each of the 4 batteries. As a result of much deliberation, the Duracell charger was written and bought for big money - as much as $ 40.
For a camera, I bought a set of the same Sanyo batteries, then another one - they worked perfectly. One of the sets was very old, it was time to change. But once again, the purchased batteries turned out to be quite weak - about 3 times less in capacity. And in appearance they were no different. The disappointment was huge, because the money spent a lot. But what to do, batteries are needed, I decided to take another chance - I bought a Sony kit. And again failure. Again I got angry at the autonomous power address, but the camera is the rare exception when its operation near the outlet is practically impossible. I read on the forums that solid fakes are now being sold, it is impossible to buy normal batteries. Subtracted that Ansmann, like, until fake. I bought a kit with a modest capacity of 2100 and was pleased. Again at the level of the good old Sanyo.
In a SLR camera lithium battery. At first I was worried about this - it is impossible to buy batteries in the nearest kiosk in case anything happens. But the camera is so economical that I forgot the battery problem at all. But the on-camera flash is powered by 4 AA batteries. Also had to buy something. I analyzed the reviews and bought Sanyo again, but now a new line of Eneloop. It turned out great batteries.
Another device, where there is no battery, is a mobile phone. By itself, of course, the phone is not so necessary if you do not work as a dispatcher or a pizza delivery truck, but since there is one, you need to keep it in working order. So you have to regularly buy new batteries. Also come across different quality, nothing can be done about it.
On duty, did a lot of different electronic devices. But almost never made autonomous. Is that a thermometer that is powered by 2 AA batteries or from the network, in connection with which there used a SEPIC-converter, which can both increase the voltage of the batteries to 3.3 V, and lower the voltage of the network adapter.
What am I getting at? Recently, quite often the amateurs are trying to make devices with autonomous power. I do not understand this. There are a lot of problems. It is not enough to provide characteristics, it is necessary to provide still low consumption. Why clamp yourself in such a frame? Well, if someone thinks that he will use the device in the field, he automatically puts himself on the lowest rung of the hierarchy of workers in the industry: living on business trips instead of working in a comfortable office at his own table in a comfortable chair.
P.S. I forgot about one device where autonomous power is justified. This is a clock. As a result of the fact that consumption is small, it is rarely necessary to change batteries (once every few years), this can be tolerated. But there is a downside to low power consumption - on such a clock in the dark nothing is visible.
self-powered
-
[Ya.N.Luginsky, M.S.Fesi-Zhilinskaya, Yu.S.Kabirov. English-Russian Dictionary of Electrical and Power Engineering, Moscow]
- electrical engineering, basic concepts
- self-contained supply
- self-contained power supply
Handbook of technical translator. - Intent. 2009-2013.
See what “self-contained power” is in other dictionaries:
self-powered - savarankiškasis maitinimas statusas T sritis radioelektronika atitikmenys: angl. self contained supply vok. Einzelspeisung, f, unabhängige Stromversorgung, f rus. self-powered, n pranc. alimentation individuelle, f ... Radioelektronikos terminų žodynas
NUTRITION - provision of electronic devices and electrical equipment with electricity for their uninterrupted normal and long-term operation. Distinguish the power supply of consumers from the centralized energy system and autonomous, in this case (see ... ... The Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia
Truck Grounding Device - Check neutrality. There should be details on the talk page. Grounding devices for tank trucks (abbreviation UZA) are designed to remove the charges of static electricity at any technological ... Wikipedia
Dosimetry of ionizing radiation - The section of applied nuclear physics, which examines the properties of ionizing radiation, physical quantities characterizing the radiation field and the interaction of radiation with matter (dosimetric values). In a narrower sense, the words D. and. and ... Medical Encyclopedia
DTS - (Digital Theater System, DTS), multichannel system for playing digital sound in cinema. By 2001, DTS had become one of the world standards for the quality of cinema sound, faithfully reproducing in the cinema a recording made at a studio. Quality ... ... Encyclopedia of Cinema
TRUCK UNIT - coupled sections of locomotives (control electric locomotives) and trucks of dump trucks (dumpcars) equipped with traction electric motors of the same type with engines of electric locomotives, which makes it possible to increase coupling weight by 2 3 times and include into the composition ... ... Large encyclopedic polytechnical dictionary
PACEMAKER - (from electro. Greek. kardia heart and Latin. stimulo I push, excite) an electronic apparatus for replenishing nervously energetich. cardiac muscle function. E. generates pulses with an amplitude of 5 6 V, a duration of 1 1.2 ms with a frequency of 60 70 pulses in 1 ... ... Large encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary
Spacewalk - Cosmonaut Oleg Kotov in the open space during the space flight of the ISS 22. The cosmonaut's work in outer space ... Wikipedia
Embedded system - (built-in system, the embedded system) is a specialized microprocessor control system, the concept of development of which is that such a system will work, being built directly into the device, ... ... Wikipedia
Anechoic chamber - Acoustic anechoic chamber ... Wikipedia
Autonomous power
autonomous food autonomous food - [Y.N. Luginsky, M.S. Fezi-Zhilinskaya, Yu.S.Kabirov. English-Russian Dictionary of Electrical and Power Engineering, Moscow] electrical engineering, basic
Al food - what does it mean? All about food types
Types of food - a fairly broad concept. Under them can be meant the consumption of energy sources and nutrients in general, the particular eating habits of a person, as well as certain moments - types of food in hotels, airplanes, etc. In this article we will try to make out all the classifications in detail and answer some questions. Al food - what does it mean? What kind of it can be? What does autonomous power mean? Consider many other nuances.
Food in the scale of the biosphere
Food is a process of consumption of substances and energy, which is characteristic of absolutely all organisms inhabiting the globe. It is divided into two large groups - autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. Within themselves, they have smaller species.
Autotrophic. This is the ability to create organic elements from inorganic - carbon dioxide, mineral salts and water. Not to be confused with autonomous power. The latter concerns power supply. Autotrophic "skill" characterizes plants, some of the simplest, bacteria. Autotrophs are divided, in turn, into two categories:
- Phototrophs use the energy of the sun for the biosynthesis of substances. These are plants, cyanobacteria.
- Chemotrophs are used for the formation of organic elements of the energy of chemical reactions resulting from the oxidation of inorganic compounds. These include nitrifying, hydrogen, sulfur, iron bacteria.
Heterotrophic. These are organisms that consume ready-made organic substances, because they themselves are not able to form them from inorganic. This is the majority of bacteria, viruses, fungi, animals, including and we are with you. These living things are classified according to two criteria:
You can also highlight creatures such as mixotrophs. They can and consume ready-made organic substances, and synthesize them independently. These include euglenian algae, insectivorous plants, etc.
Types of human nutrition
In the light of recent trends, human nutrition is divided into the following categories:
Omnivorous. This type of food historically characterizes us. This refers to a person who eats the most diverse, but at the same time allows in his modern diet fast food, products containing preservatives, dyes.
Separate (healthy, proper) food. What is meant by this term? What does "proper nutrition" mean? This is a strict combination of various types of foods, food consumption time, caloric content of dishes.
Vegetarianism, including Lacto-Eggs, Oviet. People loyal to this type of food refuse to eat the flesh of animals. However, dishes from fish, shellfish, eggs, milk and its derivatives for many of them are not taboo.
Veganism Vegans eat only herbal products. Like vegetarians, they allow for heat treatment of food.
Raw foods (including veganosyroedenie, laktoovosyroedenie, syromonoeedie, etc.). People who adhere to this type of food, which in many respects is a certain worldview, use only vegetable food and only raw food - without cooking. It is important to note fruitorians here: they exclude plant seeds (beans, seeds, nuts, etc.) from their diet, eating only fruits and vegetables.
The most recent stage is the so-called Bigu state (sun-study, prano-studies, bretharism) - “failure”, the rejection of solid, and subsequently liquid food. Needless to say, it is achieved through lengthy spiritual practices.
The main categories of food in hotels
Now let's get to the bottom of what it means - powering Al, FB, RO, BF, etc.
Al food - what does it mean? All about food types
An article about healthy eating and sports. Useful recipes and exercises. News, photos and videos.
Autonomous power supplies
With the situation when the power is turned off, everyone has probably come across. And sometimes there is no electricity at the most inopportune moment. In country houses problems with electricity supply is also not uncommon. But what if such situations occur quite often?
Modern technologies have developed so well that a way out of this situation was found - these are autonomous power sources that can be bought from us.
Voltage drops? Autonomous sources of electricity will help!
Sources of backup power also relevant when stretching the power line is simply impossible, or the power supply is simply of poor quality. Each owner of a country house wants to relax and have a great weekend, and without electricity in such situations just can not do. Constant and systematic voltage drops, accompanied by "flashing" of lighting devices, adversely affect the equipment, significantly reducing their service life. Too much spikes can destroy the chips and power supplies.
Functions of autonomous power sources.
In order for all the equipment to work long and smoothly, it is better to use independent sources of electricity. Their main task is to ensure a normal, proper shutdown of electrical appliances in the event of an unexpected power outage. They must also reliably protect the equipment from all types of interruptions that occur in electrical networks, namely:
- voltage spikes
- high voltage emissions
- the so-called "subsidence" voltage
- in case of power failure,
- replanting
- run out of frequency.
Today, almost every home has a personal computer. According to studies, it is he who is exposed to about 120 abnormal situations every month, the cause of which is precisely the voltage drops.
Uninterrupted power helps to completely forget about all the above problems. The tasks of the UPS are as follows:
- absorb a small amount of short-term surge voltage,
- filter the supply voltage, reduce noise,
- provide backup power to the load for a certain amount of time after loss of voltage in the network,
- protect devices connected to the network from overload and short circuit.
But in order to provide full protection, backup power sources must be connected to the network. The devices themselves are already connected to them. UPS converts the flow of electricity in such a way that it is optimal for the full operation of the device.
Personal power supply system is the best option for a country house.
Autonomous sources of electricity are relevant in the event that it is simply unprofitable for a person to hold a power line and connect to the centralized power supply networks. For example, if you have a cottage that is located too far from the centralized power supply networks, and you go to rest in these places as far as possible, it is better to create your own autonomous power supply system. She will be able to provide you with a number of advantages, namely:
- no need to pay for network connection
- You will not depend on the price of electricity,
- You will generate electricity when you need it.
What should the autonomous power supply system include?
- Source of energy. As a rule, there may be several or one sources at once. This may be a photovoltaic battery, a liquid-fuel generator GTK, working on gasoline or diesel fuel, or a wind power plant. The main can be any of the above sources, others can be used as additional.
- Battery is a necessary element in the system of autonomous power supply. Even though the main source of energy is available in the system, the presence of a battery will allow it to be turned on for a certain amount of time, and electricity will flow continuously.
- Inverter. It is a device that commutes DC to AC. It is necessary in cases where the equipment in the house consumes 220 V or if consumers are located at a considerable distance. In this case, there are so-called interference and loss.
- AB charge controller. Needed in order to prevent overdischarge and overcharge. Very often, such a controller is built into the inverter.
- Load. During connection to the autonomous power supply system of various devices, it is necessary to know that the devices must be energy efficient. As an example, fluorescent lamps. They are recommended to use for the reason that incandescent bulbs consume 4 times more electricity.
If you want to forget about the problems with voltage once and for all, extend the life of the devices installed in your cottage or house, autonomous power supply systems, uninterruptible power supplies and electric generators - this is what you need.
Sometimes it is very difficult to find a company that can offer everything at once. But if you did not find what you were looking for, it is enough to contact our consultant, who will give answers to all your questions.
With us, your devices, even with strong voltage drops, will work stably, and in the event of a total power outage, you will be able to correctly complete the session of the personal computer and have time to save all the data that might be lost.
Autonomous power supplies
Autonomous power sources - a pledge of stable and durable operation of your equipment!
Today, both private users and large industrial enterprises are striving to have an autonomous source of electricity supply. This is due, primarily, to the possible difficulties of electricity supplying organizations with ensuring uninterrupted supply of electricity. Prolonged interruptions in power supply not only lead to financial costs, but can also be a threat to human life if the outages occur in medical institutions or in hazardous and harmful technological production.
The main reasons for the presence of independent sources of electricity
Low quality of current (sharp jumps, drops, fluctuations, etc.) received from the energy supplying organization,
The presence of consumers of the special and first category requiring uninterrupted power supply,
Lack of connectivity to existing power grids.
The main advantage of autonomous power supply is the uninterrupted operation of technological equipment. Autonomous sources can be used both as a primary and as a backup source. An emergency source is equipped with an ATS device capable of supplying voltage to a de-energized section of the power grid in a few fractions of seconds.
Varieties of autonomous sources
The source of electrical energy may be:
Diesel or gasoline generators,
Engines in power plants can be used, both gasoline and diesel. The first, as is known, are more economical, start up easier, and are characterized by a more significant service life. But their cost is about 2-3 times higher than gasoline ones of similar power. Therefore, diesel power plants are recommended to be used in cases when interruptions in power supply occur frequently enough, which requires long-term station operation. Otherwise, it is better to use gasoline generators.
Solar panels today are installed on private homes and cottages, as a home power plant, and can be used as a primary or backup source of electricity. They do not require significant costs for the production of electricity, the generation of electricity in them occurs almost "for nothing". The disadvantages of these devices include a large amount of start-up financial investments, besides the peculiarities of saturation with solar energy create some difficulties in their operation. This is due to the fact that the Sun is able to shine not all year round, but only during the day and only in clear weather, therefore, complete with photovoltaic batteries use batteries designed to accumulate electricity, and converters are devices that convert DC voltage from batteries to alternating 220V, 50 Hz.
Wind and hydrogenerators are equipment that has been used for a long time to generate electricity. Their use is limited by various wind activity of the area and the presence of reservoirs with active moving water flow. Also, their effective operation involves the use of additional equipment (batteries, converters, etc.).
Almost 100% reliability of the power supply system is ensured when working in parallel with external power grids. Own generator set provides energy independence, which allows to increase the service life, the duration of the equipment operation period by 25-30%.
Autonomous power supply sources
Autonomous power supply sources Today, both private users and large industrial enterprises are striving to have an autonomous power supply source. This is due, in
