Classification of commercial furniture at the place of use. Furniture for trade organizations: purpose and classification

3.3. Requirements for furniture for trade

To furniture for trade technical and operational, economic, ergonomic, aesthetic, sanitary and hygienic and other requirements. Technical requirements include: high performance, reliability in operation, compact design (small dimensions) and low weight.

Technical and operational requirements.  Compliance of the furniture design with the nature of the trade and technological process, simplicity of design, providing ease of operation, maintenance and repair, provide an opportunity to reduce labor costs and operating costs.

Reliability and durability of the equipment is ensured by the progressiveness of the design, high adaptability to manufacture, reliable operation. Possible simplicity of design and reliability in operation imply maximum ease of use, simple maintenance of furniture.

The equipment, its design must meet the requirements of optimal use of the floor space, have standard dimensions and a collapsible design, sufficient strength. The product must be properly shown to customers, to give certain information about it, to ensure free access and convenience of choice. Furniture assemblies must not be destroyed or receive permanent deformations under the influence of permissible external loads acting on them, they must have high wear resistance.

Durability, rigidity and durability of furniture should ensure high operational reliability and durability of equipment. Durability and stability lengthen the life of the product, ensure the safety of goods, exclude injury to personnel and customers. This is achieved using durable parts, proper selection of their size, reliable connection between them.

To provide the necessary stability, the equipment is equipped with adjustable legs. When designing furniture, the guiding principle is universality.

Performance requirements. Furniture for trade enterprises should be comfortable for both buyers and store employees. The most important operational requirements include: convenience for visual display, demonstration and selection of goods by buyers; sufficient capacity; the possibility of rapid replenishment of stocks of goods; compliance of the construction with the requirements for optimal use of the sales area; standard sizes and a collapsible design; ensuring the safety of goods and the possibility of applying the most rational methods of display and placement; sufficient strength.

The product must be properly shown to customers, to give certain information about it, to ensure free access and convenience of choice. Therefore, the furniture should have a maximum area of ​​display of goods with additional advertising lighting, sloping shelves, mirrors, price list holders and other devices that focus on the exhibited product. Furniture for trade should have standard sizes.

The distance between the shelves for the display and display of goods, as well as their depth should correspond to the characteristics of the goods, the method of display and packaging dimensions. When designing furniture, the guiding principle is universality. The main part of the furniture used in salesrooms, outbuildings, warehouses, should be made of a set of interchangeable items in the same parts.

Durability and stability of furniture extend its service life, ensure the safety of the goods laid out on it, exclude injury to staff and customers. This is achieved using durable parts, proper selection of their size, reliable connection between them. To give the necessary stability, some types of furniture are provided with adjustable legs.

Disassembly of furniture allows to speed up its mass production, facilitate transportation and distribution network, assembly and repair. Collapsible furniture consists of individual parts assembled at the installation site with screws, bolts, hooks and other detachable joints. The industry produces sets of standardized parts from which various types of furniture are assembled for organizing trade in all groups of food and non-food items.

Furniture mobility is necessary for its easy and quick movement when delivering goods from the back rooms of shops, from suppliers' warehouses or redevelopment of premises. For this, furniture is designed on wheels, with devices for lifting and moving it with the help of lifting and transport equipment or as separate easily movable products with limited dimensions (for example, 1000 mm long).

Sufficient capacity of the furniture allows you to accumulate stocks of goods for uninterrupted sale, reduce the frequency of their replenishment during the working day. For greater capacity in the design of furniture provide a sufficient number of shelves, drawers, baskets, tapes and other devices for display of goods. The conformity of furniture to the product range contributes to the preservation of the quality of goods, their visual display, detailed familiarization with them and free selection by buyers.

When designing and assembling furniture take into account the size, shape, properties of goods. The furniture is completed with devices suitable for laying out various goods: inclined and horizontal shelves, wire baskets, cassettes, hanging showcases, bars for the finished dress, knitwear, brackets for shoes, hats, fabrics, ties, etc. (Fig. 3.2).

Progressive forms of sale require the use of furniture, designed for an open, maximum display of the entire range of products and the free selection of their customers.

Design requirements.  The equipment should have a small weight and minimum overall dimensions, standard and easily replaceable parts, be durable and stable.

The design requirements include: manufacturability - compliance with the design and materials of manufacturing technology; unification and normalization - maximum use of standard parts and assemblies, which improves manufacturability; technical excellence, characterized by a period during which the furniture in its main indicators corresponds to the modern level of technology development; operability - the state of the furniture in which it is able to perform specified functions within the parameters established by the requirements of the process or regulatory and technical documentation; reliability - the ability of furniture to perform its technological functions, while maintaining performance in specified limits for a certain period of time.

Technical and operational requirements are closely connected. technological requirements. The design of furniture and its parts should be technological, i.e. possibly easier to manufacture, convenient to assemble and operate with minimal labor costs and low cost.

Economic requirements.  Furniture design for a trade enterprise should be simple, economical in production and operation. The profitability of production is determined by the laboriousness of using progressive production technology, and the economics of operation is determined by the degree of convenience for customers and store employees, reliability, and functional expediency. Furniture should not take up much space, but at the same time it should be sufficiently capacious, providing the layout and storage of the necessary quantity of goods.

Wood and wood-based materials, metal, plastic materials are used as materials for the manufacture of furniture for trade enterprises. The use of plastics improves the performance properties of the furniture, its appearance and makes the furniture cheaper.

Of great importance for reducing the cost of furniture is the unification of the main parts of various types of furniture and its production in large quantities for a long time.

Ergonomic requirements.  The optimal size ratio of furniture for trade enterprises (length, width, height, distance between shelves, etc.) is determined when it is designed taking into account anthropological data - average height and proportions of a human figure. This provides free access to goods, good visibility for customers and minimal fatigue of the staff when filling furniture with goods (Fig. 3.3).

Goods in the implementation of which the store is particularly interested, should be placed on the shelves located in the most convenient areas for buyers. The most convenient area for selecting goods is the shelf area, located at an altitude of 110-160 cm above the floor. Less convenient areas of choice of goods are the areas of shelves located at a height of 80-110 cm (lower) and 160-180 (upper) from the floor level. Inconvenient areas of choice of goods are the shelf areas located at a height of 80 cm and over 180 cm above the floor.

The purpose of ergonomics is the optimization of human interaction with furniture in the labor process, which is determined by the observance of hygienic, anthropometric, psychophysiological and psychological standards. The main functional dimensions of furniture for commercial premises are taken in accordance with the requirements of the standards.

For wall and island slides, the distance between the axles of the support posts should be 900 mm, height (without a billboard) of the wall slides 2000, 2200, island 1200, 1400, 1800, width of shelves for display of goods - 300, 400, 500, 600 and 800 mm , the number of shelves for slides with a height of 1800 mm is at least five, for slides with a height of 2000 and 2200 mm - at least six.

In the outbuildings and warehouses for manual installation, it is allowed to use racking equipment not more than 2500 mm in height. The width (depth) of furniture depends on its purpose and usually does not exceed 900 mm. A more complete description of commercial furniture is given in the catalogs.

Aesthetic requirements.  The shape, proportion and color of commercial furniture should correspond to its functional purpose and architectural and artistic design of the interior of the store's trading floor. It should emphasize the unity of the store's interior ensemble, the device of commercial furniture should not play an independent role. In the color finish it is necessary to maximize the use of decorative properties of materials (wood, plastics, etc.).

Finishing commercial furniture should be linked to the overall solution of the equipment, i.e. with its shape, design. Paint furniture in neutral calm tones or in tones contrasting to the color of the product to reveal and emphasize its basic properties. The color of the furniture should be in harmony with the interior of the store and reveal the color properties of the exhibited goods.

At the same time, light sources should be positioned so as to highlight the product, to draw the attention of buyers to it. The color of the furniture should be selected taking into account some features of its composition and shape. For example, the larger the object and the more cumbersome its shape, the brighter its color should be.

Conversely, the smaller the subject, the richer its color should be. Objects with clear and strict shapes are painted in lightly saturated and light colors, with smooth shapes and fuzzy edges in relatively more saturated colors. For painting the bearing elements of furniture (racks, brackets, etc.) use paints of darker colors than for other surfaces.

It is considered inappropriate to introduce a multi-colored paint finish, which can disrupt the perception of the shape of the furniture. The color scheme of the furniture has a significant effect on the color scheme. So, matte texture is most suitable for calm muted colors, glossy surfaces for intense colors.

When designing commercial furniture, the wide application of modern materials and finishes should be taken into account. In order to give commercial furniture a composite finish, it is necessary that its assembled sections have a decorative design. To this end, arranged side walls, cornices for lighting, baseboards at the base of the slides.

The decoration may have a separate color, but it is desirable that it be repeated on detached products, as this gives all the furniture a single character. When installing wall and island slides in a line, there should not be a visual impression of shelving sagging. All vertical divisions of furniture should be barely noticeable, and horizontal - underlined.

Light sources are arranged in such a way that with their help highlight the product, draw the attention of buyers to it. However, they should not have a blinding effect.

Sanitary and hygienic requirements.  Sanitary and hygienic requirements are ensured by the flow of technological processes in compliance with all sanitary and hygienic norms and rules, which, when fulfilled, prevent bacterial, mechanical or chemical contamination and deterioration of the food produced. Furniture design for commercial enterprises should not impede the cleaning of both the premises and the furniture itself. For the decoration of furniture should be used such materials from which dirt is easily removed.

Furniture should not harm people's health. Strict adherence to established sanitary standards is one of the most important requirements for its design, manufacture, installation and operation. The surface of the furniture should be smooth, without projections, sharp corners, gaps and crevices. To protect the goods from dust and dirt should be arranged peaks, awnings, covers.

Requirements of safety and labor protection. They are in compliance with the general safety requirements and include specific engineering solutions for the prevention of injuries of workers, accidents and emergencies in enterprises. Furniture must comply with safety requirements, it is calculated and manufactured with the proper safety factor. Furniture design should provide exclusion (or reduction to regulated levels) of noise, ultrasound, vibration, and also harmful radiation.

An important role in the rational organization of the trading and operational process in the store belongs to commercial furniture. It includes: slides, counters, showcases, hanged, packaging equipment and other products necessary to carry out trade operations of reception, preparation of goods for sale, display and sale of goods.

Furniture for trade enterprises can be classified according to the following criteria:

At the place of use, commercial furniture is divided into: for trading floors, outbuildings and small retail enterprises.

By appointment, commercial furniture is divided into the following types: for acceptance of goods by quality; preparation of goods for sale; display of goods; display and sale of goods; transportation and sale of goods; settlements with customers; for customer service; for storage.

According to the product profile distinguish versatile and specialized commercial furniture.

By material manufacturing - wood, metal, plastic.

By completeness, the furniture is divided into piece and sets.

By the nature of the production of furniture can be experimental, serial and folding.

According to the method of installation stranded is wall, island, mounted.

By design, commercial furniture is manufactured not collapsible, collapsible and collapsible (modular).

In the trading floors of grocery stores use counters, slides, showcases, stands, cash booths, bread cabinets, packaging equipment, tables for packing goods.

In the trading floors of non-food stores use counters, slides, showcases, stands, cash booths, packing tables for goods, hung up, stools for trying on shoes, fitting rooms booths, coasters for large-sized goods.

The size and design of commercial furniture should be closely related to the parameters of the premises of the stores, which is largely due to its typification, unification and standardization.

Under the typing understand the system of measures aimed at eliminating excessive diversity and the selection of the most rational types of commercial furniture.

The most common types of commercial furniture are wall and island slides, which can be installed in the sales area in separate sections or a solid front. There are universal, intended for the calculation and sale of various food and non-food products, and specialized slides. Install wall slides along the walls, island - in the middle part of the trading hall.

Counters are designed for the sale of goods. Counters represent vertical racks with a table-top, shelves for bags of buyers, there can be cases with oar and sliding doors, or shelves, or drawers.

Display counters, unlike counters, have a partially or fully glazed upper part.

Counter under the cashier is a side railing and a shelf for a stock of cash tapes.

Counter bedside table for writing checks - in the upper part there is a drawer for storing documents and seals.

Cash cabins are the workplace of the cashier controller. They are equipped with a rotating chair with a lifting seat.

Counter for bags is divided into sections: vertical and horizontal partitions and has a great height.

Display cases for the display of goods are vertical racks with a frame, bottom, roof, side walls (mainly glass). Devices for the display of goods: glass shelves, brackets, rod.

Cabinet for storing stock of goods (above, below). One of the walls has doors.

Stands are intended for display and display of goods. Can be frame or shield. Devices for the display of goods: rods, shelves, brackets.

Bread cabinet is designed for display, storage and sale of bakery products. It consists of vertical racks, frame, side walls, bottom, cover, inclined wooden shelves, on the buyer's side are closed with doors made of organic glass, on the seller’s side - a curtain rod.

Hung up are intended for a vyklada, display, and sales from them clothes on a coat hanger.

Benches are designed for fitting shoes. View - low, wide.

Furniture for utility and warehouse.

Podtovarnik are intended for storage of the large-size goods in rigid or soft packing. By design, non-separable, according to the material of manufacture: wooden and metal. Represent the top racks, with a frame and cover (solid or lattice).

Pallets are designed to store goods and transport it in the form of a package across the warehouse. By design, non-separable, according to the material can be wooden, plastic, metal.

Shelves are designed to store unpacked, piece goods or in small packaging, or goods placed in pallets. Types: shelf, cage, non-collapsible and collapsible, stationary or mobile. The main components: vertical stands, ties, shelves, can be divided by partitions into sections.

Unification - bringing to uniformity of the forms, designs and dimensions of the parts from which the finished furniture is assembled.

Furniture made of standardized parts can be easily mounted both as separate sections and with a solid front, which leads to cost savings due to the reduction in the number of racks and other elements.

In order for the furniture to meet the objectives of rational organization of the trading process in the store, as well as a high level of customer service culture, it must meet several requirements:

Performance requirements. They, first of all, provide for commercial furniture to have standard sizes, which allows it to be assembled from individual elements using the method of aggregation. The length, height and width of products must meet the parameters of the store premises and comply with the various properties of goods and standardized packaging sizes. Also an important requirement of commercial furniture is its strength and stability, the reliability of the connections of individual parts.

Economic requirements are reduced to the creation of inexpensive furniture. Therefore, the furniture is made of simple and lightweight construction, of inexpensive material, industrial production methods. Reducing the cost of furniture also contribute to its reliability, durability, the possibility of easy and quick repair.

Ergonomic requirements. They provide that the basic dimensional proportions of furniture, i.e. its height, width and length, the height of the shelves and other elements for the display of goods must be established taking into account the height and proportions of the person’s figure and ensure minimal fatigue of the staff, as well as good visibility of the goods and free access to them by customers.

Aesthetic requirements. The shape, proportions and color of commercial furniture should be consistent with its functional purpose and architectural and artistic design of the store's interior. In other words, the device of commercial furniture should not play an independent role.

Therefore, the architectural and constructive solution of commercial furniture must meet a number of aesthetic requirements.

Finishing commercial furniture should be associated with the general solution of the equipment, i.e. with its shape and design. Paint furniture in neutral quiet tones or in tones contrasting the color of the product to identify and emphasize its basic properties. The color of the furniture should be in harmony with the interior of the store and reveal the color properties of the exhibited goods. Light sources should be positioned so as to highlight the product, to draw the attention of buyers to it. When designing commercial furniture should be taken into account the possibility of widespread use of modern materials and finishes. When installing wall and island slides in a line, there should not be an impression of shelving sagging.

Sanitary and hygienic requirements provide for the resistance of furniture to chemical and mechanical stress, ease of care for it. Furniture is made with a smooth, smooth surface, without unnecessary grooves, gaps and projections. The working surfaces of furniture in contact with food should be made of materials approved for use in food engineering.

The surfaces covered with plastic are wiped with a damp cloth. It is impossible to wash furniture with abundantly moistened rags, since liquid, flowing in the gaps between the parts, leads to swelling and rusting of metal parts. Removing dirt from the painted surfaces of furniture is recommended only by dry cleaning.

Furniture for commercial premises should be easy to use, provide a wide display of goods and create maximum comfort when customers select goods.

In order for the furniture to meet the objectives of rational organization of the trading process in the store, as well as a high level of customer service culture, it must meet several requirements:

3. Furniture of trading floors of shops, its types, purpose,

features of the device and application.

Furniture trading rooms of food stores:

1. Counters.

3. Storefronts.

4. Stands.

5. Cash booth.

6. Cases for bread.

7. Packaging equipment.

8. Tables for packing goods.

Furniture of trading floors of shops

non-food items:

1. Counters.

3. Storefronts.

4. Stands.

5. Cash booth.

6. Tables for packing goods.

7. Hung up.

8. Benches for trying on shoes.

9. Cabin fitting rooms.

10. Stands for large goods.

Characteristic:

Counters -  intended for the sale of goods.

Types of counters:

· Ordinary

· Counter - showcase

· Counter under the cashier

· Check cabinet

· Counter for storing shoppers' bags

Main nodes: vertical racks, table top, shelves for customers' bags, can be cabinets with hinged and sliding doors, or shelves, or drawers

Display cabinet: the design is similar, except for the upper part,

which is glazed.

Counter under the cashier:  the table top has side rails and there is a shelf for stock of cash tapes.

Check-out counter  - in the upper part there is a drawer for storing documents and seals.

Bag Counter  - divided into sections: vertical and horizontal partitions and has a great height.

Gorka.  Designed for display, display and storage of goods.

The main components: vertical racks, frame, back wall, ties, frame, devices for display of goods.

Devices for display of goods:

1. Shelves: straight and inclined, solid and lattice,

without fences or with side fences.

2. Arms: straight, curved, rotating, inclined.

3. Baskets.

4. Cabinets for display of goods.

5. Bars. There are wall and island, with mirrors and without.

Showcases for displaying goods. The main components: vertical racks, frame, bottom, cover, side walls (mostly glass).

Devices for the display of goods: glass shelves, brackets, rod.

Storage closet(above, below). One of the walls has doors.

Stands  intended for display and display of goods. They can be frame or panel board. Devices for display of goods: bars, shelves, brackets.

Cash cabins:  for settlement with buyers. The main components: vertical racks, frame, bottom, side walls with a door, rear wall higher, shelves for cash registers, customer bags.

Bread cabinet  - it is intended for the calculation, storage and sale of bakery products. The main components are: vertical pillars, frame, side walls, bottom, cover, inclined wooden shelves, on the buyer's side are closed with organic glass doors, and on the seller’s side - a curtain rod.

Hung up- are intended for display, display, and sale of clothes on them on hangers. Kinds:

1. Stationary and mobile.

2. With straight rods, with curved rods, teobraznymi, round, inclined, rotating.

3. Single row and double row.

5. Collapsible, non-collapsible.

6. By metal construction.

Banquettes  designed for fitting shoes. View - low, wide.

4.   Furniture outbuildings and warehouses, its types, purpose,

Features of the device and application.

Furniture for utility and warehouse.

It includes: pallets, pallets, racks, tables for checking the quality and acceptance of goods.

Podtovarnikidesigned for storing large-sized goods in hard or soft packaging.

By design, non-separable, according to the material of manufacture: wooden and metal. The main components: the upper rack, frame, cover, (solid and lattice).

Palletsintended for storage of goods and transportation of it in the form of a package throughout the warehouse. Types: flat, pawl, rack. By manufacturing material: wooden, plastic, metal.

Shelvingdesigned to store unpacked, piece goods or goods in small packaging, or goods placed in pallets. Types: shelf, cage, non-collapsible and collapsible, stationary or mobile. The main components: vertical stands, ties, shelves, can be divided by partitions into sections.

To equip stores use:

Furniture for trade enterprises;

Trade inventory;

Commercial refrigeration equipment;

Trade measuring equipment;

Cash register equipment.

Furniture for commercial enterprises is classified according to the place of use, purpose, product profile and design.

At the place of use, commercial furniture is divided into: for trading floors, outbuildings and small retail enterprises.

By appointment, commercial furniture is subdivided into the following types: for acceptance of goods by quality (tables for branding); preparation of goods for sale (tables for packing goods); display of goods (shop windows); display and sale of goods (slides, counters, display counters, hung up); transportation and sale of goods (packaging equipment); settlements with customers (cash booths); for customer service (fitting room cabins, stools and stands for trying on shoes, baskets and carts for picking goods).

According to the product profile distinguish versatile and specialized commercial furniture.

According to the design of commercial furniture produce collapsible and collapsible. Shops are equipped mainly with collapsible commercial furniture.

Furniture for trade enterprises is divided into the following main types:

Wall and island slides;

Sections of closed zones inside the trading hall;

Other commodity carriers;

Counters;

Non-mechanical cash booths for self-service stores;

Mechanical cash booths for self-service stores;

Shopping baskets;

Shopping carts;

Hung up for clothes.

47. Cash register equipment

Payment transactions with customers play an important role in the trade process of the store. From their proper organization depends on the cost of time buyers to purchase goods.

Settlements with customers can be carried out by receiving money directly by the seller, cashier or cashier controller and at the same time taking into account the amount received by means of a cash register. Cash registers provide visibility, simplicity and correctness of the calculation, control over the maintenance of cash transactions, the accuracy of accounting of cash receipts. At the same time, the process of settlements with customers is significantly accelerated.

The design of modern cash registers allows you to keep track of the cumulative result of money received from customers, print a check with various data, print a check number, a paid amount, a cipher code, and a counter number on the control tape. At the same time on their indicators indicates the amount spent, the cipher and the number of the counter. Information obtained in control cash registers can be output to magnetic or perforated tape with subsequent processing of data on electronic computers in order to study demand, determine the volume of sales of goods, etc.

Cash registers consist of the following basic mechanisms: installation, indicator, counting, check-printing, transmission, driving, blocking and closing,

Installation mechanismmade in the form of a set with a key, serves for a set of monetary amounts carried out through a cash register, installation of a cipher and a counter, on which the amount should be reflected, and switching on of the electric drive.

Indicator mechanismit is necessary for the information of the cashier and the buyer about the dialed amount, the established cipher of the check and the number of the section counter on which the operation was performed. Counting mechanismconsists of a set of summing, control and operational counters.

Via check printing mechanismit turns out a check with the appropriate details. It also serves to print a control tape.

Gear mechanismtransmits to the summing counters, the printing device, the data indicator data collected on the installation mechanism.

The activation of all nodes of the cash register is carried out electric or manual drive mechanism.

Locking mechanismserves for blocking (locking) the mechanism of switching on the machine in case of breakage or absence of the check or control tape.

Closing mechanismused to close the entire mechanism of the machine or its individual components. With its help, the machine is turned on in a certain mode of operation and the operations of taking and clearing the readings of summing meters. It consists of locks and a set of keys to them.

In trade, use of cash registers, divided into the following types:

autonomous cash registers;

passive system cash registers;

active system cash registers;

fiscal registrars.

AT autonomous cash registersexpansion of functionality can only be achieved by connecting additional I / O devices controlled by a cash register using the programs placed in it. This type also includes portable cash registers with the ability to operate without a permanent electrical connection. (“Micro 103F”, “OKA PF”, “Elveis micro”, “OKA 600F”)

Passive cash register systemhas the ability to work in a computer-cash system, but it does not have the ability to manage the operation of this system. It can also be used as an autonomous cash register. ("Samsung EK461RF" "Mercury 112F")

Active system cash registerhas the ability to work in a computer-cash system, while managing the system. The system cash registers also include computerized cash terminals created on the basis of an IBM-compatible computer. They have capabilities for input / output, storage, processing and display of information. Can be used as passive systems or autonomous cash registers.

Fiscal registraris a cash register that can work only as part of a computer cash register system, receiving data through a communication channel.

Only models of cash registers that are included in the State Register of the Russian Federation are allowed to operate.

To equip large self-service stores, the RUMS-1 settlement node is used, consisting of a cashier’s checkout booth, a mechanism for automatically issuing change in a bargaining chip, a conveyor to move goods and other

devices that significantly speed up settlement operations with customers and the capacity of the settlement node. The most modern and promising are computer cash registers. A computer cash register is a computer with special interfaces for the cash drawer, a display in two or three lines of text for the customer, access keys and a special fiscal card that records the daily revenue. Computer cash desk connected to the network can be programmed to take into account the specific requirements of the store (color, size, article number, etc.). It can process magnetic and microprocessor cards, as well as the store’s own prepaid discount cards (described in detail in one of the subsequent sections of the textbook), and allows for full control over the actions of employees. The process of customer service is significantly accelerated, as the cashier reads the barcode, and only because of this, the service speed increases by 5–20%, and the turnover in rush hour increases by 2–10%.

However, the introduction of a system with computer cash registers is costly. Therefore, it is possible to use cheaper devices that are connected to a computer and due to this they are capable of performing approximately the same functions as computer registers.