How and what to feed fruit trees and shrubs in spring: schemes and rules for fertilizing. Proper feeding of trees and shrubs in the spring

Garden maintenance includes tillage, irrigation and feeding fruit trees. Let's talk about how and how to most productively feed trees and.

Fertilizing with organic fertilizers

Fertilizing with organic fertilizers  includes the use of chicken manure as a fertilizer, which is available in home gardening, it must be diluted with water: for 10 buckets of water one bucket of manure and when watering it is necessary to mix the manure thoroughly. It is better if chicken litter, fresh manure in the summer to pour in tubs, dilute with water and let stand until fermented, and then use as fertilizer. Before adding it is good to add superphosphate and potassium salt 50-100g, but not more than a bucket of solution and mix thoroughly.

If a nitrogenin which manure and slurry are rich, promotes enhanced tree growththen phosphorus and potassium are needed for increased fruiting and better aging of wood. This is especially important in the foothills and mountain areas. However, if the garden is located on powerful black soil, provided with water, then manure can not be applied, and feed it only with superphosphate and potassium salt.

How to apply fertilizer

To apply fertilizer correctly  and for this to give maximum benefit, it is necessary to make 6-10 holes 60–70 cm deep in the ground around the crown radius and fill each of them with 150–200g of superphosphate. In the interval of holes with superphosphate, as many more holes are punched and potash fertilizer mixed in half with the ground is introduced into them. Such feeding of the garden can be done only with the beginning of fruiting, and then every 2-3 years. In dryland gardens, more manure should be applied, less superphosphate and even less potash salt. You can even refuse this fertilizer.

AT young trees are less responsive to fertilizer. Therefore, they give a smaller increase in growth compared to a more mature garden, which is entering fruiting time. But to create a healthy, durable tree with a well-developed crown, it is necessary to provide him with all the conditions for good growth and development from the moment of planting and throughout his life.

Fertilizer dosage

Different tree species have different attitudes to the types of fertilizers applied. and prefer manure, - mineral fertilizers. Fertilizer Dosage will be different for each district and even for each individual garden, depending on the soil and the stock of certain nutrients already in it.

Year after landing	Diameter of wheel trunks	Amount of manure (kg)	Irrigated gardens			Non-irrigated gardens
			Ammonium nitrate (33%)	Super Phosphate (16%)	Potassium chloride (50%)	Ammonium nitrate (33%)	Super Phosphate (16%)	Potassium chloride (50%)
1-2	2	12-15	70	120	80	30	60	10
3-4	2,5	20-25	110	180	50	45	90	20
5-6	3	30-40	160	270	70	60	130	30
7-8	3,6	40-50	220	360	100	90	190	40
9-10	4	50-60	300	480	130	120	250	60
11-12	5	80	450	750	200	180	280	80

The Institute of Horticulture named after I. V. Michurin for the southern fruit zone recommends the rates of fertilizer application given in Table No. 1.

Manure, phosphate and potash mineral fertilizers, as well as 1/3 of the nitrogen fertilizers are applied for digging the soil. The remaining 2/3 of the nitrogen fertilizer in the form of top dressing before kneading the soil make:

• in young gardens - in early spring and during the period of intensive growth of shoots.
• in fruit bearing plants - in early spring or after flowering, as well as at the time of shedding of the excessive ovary.

For fertilizing trees are also used slurry, animal urine, bird droppings.

Cautions for fertilizing soil

There are some fertilizer precautions. Do not apply fertilizer to soil at random and when necessary. From such a "food" plant will be more harm than good. When checking in the chemical laboratory of the soil of one of the garden plots, the presence of nitrogen in the soil was found to be five times more than the norm, and phosphorus and potassium - 3 times. On this site you can get a good harvest. only after washing the soil.  When analyzing the water of a stream flowing through the territory of this horticultural team in the autumn of the same year, nutrients were found in it around the norm, and in some areas even more normal.

Many gardeners seek to make as much fertilizer as possible and even such strong ones as chicken manure. However, they do not take into account the fact that plants can only absorb fertilizers in solutions, the suction zone of the roots, when the concentration of fertilizer does not exceed 1%. When foliar feeding, by spraying the leaves, the solution should be no more than 0.5%i.e. 50g of active ingredient per bucket of water. With a higher concentration of solution gentle root suction hairs will burn, and the plant for two weeks, no less, will suspend growth. It is possible and necessary to use chicken manure, but before that it should be poured into a barrel (a bucket for 100 liters of water), allowed to ferment; and then dilute one liter of solution in a bucket of water. Only after that proceed to the introduction and then only if you know what plant to water, what rate, and they may be different. Remember: you can not make nitrogen fertilizers, even in the form of a solution, after July. In this case, the plants will begin to grow actively and will not have time to complete growth before frost. But top dressing with phosphorus and potassium  in this period will contribute to the formation of flower buds, better ripening of wood.

Top dressing full fertilizer

Good results gives fertilizer filling, especially full fertilizerwhich is known is humus, or well rotted manure, or compost with the addition of mineral fertilizers. It is necessary to introduce full fertilizer into the soil before planting trees. After 2-3 years, depending on the provision of water to the site, it can be repeated. Compost is made from organic plant residues and food waste. They should be put in piles and covered with earth, not allowing to dry out. It is useful to add superphosphate to the compost. It can be used after complete overheating.

The growth of trees and shrubs, their fertility depends primarily on their nutrition. It is important that they have a constant supply of such elements: calcium, carbon, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, sodium and a number of other minerals. Periodically, for this purpose, fertilization of trees is carried out.

Proper fertilization requires knowledge of soil characteristics: mechanical composition, reaction of the medium, degree of fertility, age of plantations, etc.

1 Types of fertilizers

Substances that increase the fertility of the land, variously classified. The most common classification is as follows:

• by origin: organic fertilizers and mineral;
• by the method of application: fertilizing, pre-sowing, surface, subsurface;
• according to the method of feeding: foliar root dressing.

Consider some of them. Organic include: bird droppings, manure, sawdust, compost, peat. They improve soil structure, water and air regimes. Thanks to them, the earth is enriched with nutrients, humus. This type of fertilizer is more popular because it is natural and easily available.

A common organic substance is manure containing copper, copper, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese. The advantage of bird droppings is their greater nutrient content and cost effectiveness.

Mineral required for soil to replenish it with nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus. Any plant at each stage of life requires the necessary amount of these elements. For the winter, the trees need to be supplemented with potassium, which will make it possible to prepare the plant for the coming frosts. In the spring and autumn, during the period of active growth, nitrogen will be introduced into the soil, and phosphorus at the germination stage.

1.1 Feeding fruit trees

The soil where fruit trees grow, especially those in the fruiting phase, “gets poorer” over time. Therefore, all specialists in gardening replenish its stocks. Top dressing of fruit is carried out in two ways: mineral / organic. Often, amateur gardeners have a question: “What is the best way to fertilize fruit trees?” It is most advisable to feed plantations with organic matter, which contains the entire list of necessary substances, improves the condition of the land plot, its looseness, makes the soil accessible to air penetration.

Mineral enrich the plant with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. The main supplier of nitrogen is: ammonium nitrate carbamide or urea; phosphorus - superphosphate, potassium - potassium salt.  Fertilizers are applied in two stages, in autumn and spring. In spring, more nitrogen compounds are required for fruit trees, which cause their enhanced growth. Approximate dose - 20-30 gr. on 1 square. m of soil, with its substantial depletion of the dose increases. And to bring in the fall under fruit trees, when they are preparing for winter, you need phosphate elements, substances containing potassium.

It is in the autumn period that more fertilizer is applied. Usually, organic compounds are scattered in an arbitrary ramming circle, and then they shovel spade (20-30 cm deep) on the floor of the bayonet. Preference is better to give a well-rotted manure. The amount of fertilizer depends on the size of the tree. Most often enough buckets, standard dosage - 1 square. m inflow circle 1-1.5 buckets of manure or compost. Along the perimeter of the crown's projection, it is necessary to make a groove, a depth of 30 cm. Half the dose of the autumnal norm of nutrients is scattered around it.

When choosing a superphosphate, enough half a glass. After doing these actions, mix the fertilizer with the soil. Put the rest on top, and again the top layer is mixed with the ground. Bring in nutrients in this consistent way will allow them to evenly distribute, without burning the roots of the plant.

In addition to the basic procedures for feeding fruit trees, experts highlight the effective use of top dressing. These are fast-acting substances. These measures are necessary if you for some reason do not fertilize your orchard in the fall. Need to prepare the slurry. In a large barrel is placed on the third manure, filled with water. For several days, while the solution is infused, it should be thoroughly mixed. After the concentrated liquid, dilute with water five times, if you use chicken manure - in 10. Spread the solution around the tree with solution.

In addition to fertilizing organic matter, you can use minerals: ammonium nitrate, nitrogen fertilizers. 1 tbsp. the spoon is diluted with a bucket of water and poured into the stem circle as well. At the end it is advisable to water the plant so that all substances are evenly distributed along the root system.

Top dressing through foliage, foliar also effective. It is best to take the urea fertilizer. In the spring, spray it with a solution over the leaves of the trees (about 30 grams per bucket of water). In August, superphosphate can be used for better budding in the coming year. Somewhere 100-150 gr. a substance containing phosphate is dissolved in a bucket of water and then sprayed on the outer organs of the plant. Spraying is done in cloudy weather or in the evening when the sun is no longer burning.

1.2 How and how to fertilize fruit trees (video)

1.3 Fertilizer conifers

Various coniferous trees are gaining the greatest popularity for the decoration of the front facades. Only those giving a noticeable increase, healthy plants that receive constant feeding look more beautiful. To properly organize the procedures for feeding, you need to know what fertilizers for coniferous trees should be used. So, for example, ordinary garden mixtures or complex type fertilizers are not suitable for evergreens. Manure is even worse. They are aimed at intensive growth, which in conifers ends with yellowing and even the death of some specimens.

In this case, it is better to produce the nutrients independently, and to purchase them in specialized stores. When buying this product should pay attention to its composition. When choosing fertilizer for conifers, magnesium is a must. It is an integral part of the chlorophyll molecule, and is actively involved in photosynthesis. According to experts, mineral substances should be used to feed bait evergreens, and decomposed compost, biohumus, which is the result of the processing of worms, is used as organic matter.

Coniferous trees and shrubs are fed twice a season. For the first time this is done during the period of increased growth, i.e. in May. The second time is at the end of the summer. If you fertilize later than the deadline, the resulting increase will not have time to mature to the onset of cold weather. In order for the roots to quickly assimilate the introduced elements, it is advisable to use liquid types of feeding. For ensuring long action granules are used. The effect from them is observed in a quarter or six months.

Ready liquid fertilizers should be diluted to the required concentration, as indicated in the instructions. The liquid is poured into the wells, previously made around the perimeter of the crown. Then they are powdered with earth. Pellets are sprinkled evenly over the surface of the circle of the trunk, using a chopper mixed with soil when digging. Similarly, compost and humus are introduced.

1.4 Feeding the money tree

Money tree or podyanka - the plant is not capricious. Its feeding is not difficult. Fertilization procedures are carried out only after irrigation. It is recommended to feed in the spring-summer period (April-August). Optimally - once a month. For money tree, use supplements for:

• succulents;
• cacti,
• humisol GUMI.

The rest of the time they feed less frequently, the concentration of the fertilizer is diluted 1.5-2 times.

2 How to fertilize trees in autumn?

Fertilizing plants in the fall is a preeminent question, since this period for feeding is the most crucial time. Fertilizer useful compounds carried to the end of September. If you are interested in what fertilizers to apply in the fall, you should choose mineral substances. Complex method will show the best effect. Used exclusively root feeding.

If the soil is sandy or sandy, fertilizer will need more. Under the trees, 8-year-olds bring 30 kg of humus, under crops of 9 years of age and older - 50 kg. Fertilizer is placed in the soil at a depth of 20 cm. Complex mineral fertilizers are very convenient to use. For the orchard are recommended:

• Fruit garden;
• Universal;
• Kemira.

When using them, strictly follow the instructions on the package.

Like all living things, an orchard needs nutrition. Therefore, fertilizers for fruit trees come to the fore - they are also necessary, as timely watering, regular weeding, plowing and mulching. But before you feed the garden, of course, you need to have an idea of \u200b\u200bhow to fertilize fruit trees in spring and autumn, and in what proportions to feed.

Fertilizers, along with other agricultural practices, have a great influence on the growth and yield of gardens. Selecting batteries in certain ratios, linking it with the methods of tillage, you can directionally affect the amount of yield, fruit quality, as well as frost resistance and drought resistance. With a continuous ratio of individual elements, you can get negative results. High efficiency in fertilizing fruit trees in spring and autumn can be achieved, knowing the basics of their use in the garden.

Features fertilization under fruit trees

Before feeding fruit trees, first of all, it is necessary to take into account the soil features of the site (natural supply of nutrients, mechanical composition, medium reaction, etc.), plant requirements for nutritional conditions, method of soil maintenance, age of plantations and other factors. Depending on these conditions, the types and norms of fertilizers applied will vary.

Fruit plants are perennial crops, therefore the effect of fertilizers extends to them not only in the year of application, but also in subsequent years.

Great importance on the effectiveness of fertilizing fruit trees in the spring and autumn have pre-planting soil refueling and the use of fertilizers in previous years.

In the first years of life, fruit plants are particularly demanding on phosphorus, because it stimulates root growth and provides for the growth of the above-ground mass of the tree. Deep introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers contributes to the development of the root system, as if drawing it deeper and thereby increasing the drought resistance and winter hardiness of plants.

Due to the weak mobility of phosphorus-potash fertilizing of fruit trees and their fixation mainly in the zone of application, it is especially important to fill the soil before planting the garden with increased doses of these fertilizers, designed for a significant period of their action.

In growing gardens, the introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers in the zone of distribution of the bulk of the roots is difficult. The soil, especially near trees, is saturated with roots, which should not be damaged.

The introduction of nitrogen fertilizers for fruit trees due to their good solubility and mobility in the soil is not difficult.

As a rule, surface sieving, mechanized or manual, or applied in the form of an aqueous solution.

The main task when using nitrogen fertilizers is to reduce nitrogen losses, since its ammonia form is volatile and the nitrate form is mobile, especially in light soil and during irrigation. In this regard, all nitrogenous fertilizers applied in a dry form, must be immediately embedded in the soil.

On light soils and during irrigation, one should not use high doses of nitrogen fertilizers, but introduce them fractionally and more often than on heavy and without irrigation.

Before feeding fruit trees, remember that in the spring, in the first half of the growing season, nutrients are spent on flowering, growth of shoots and fruits. At this time, the plants need all three basic elements - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. After the termination of the growth of shoots from the second half of the summer, nutrients are spent on the growth of fruits, the laying of flower buds, and are also deposited in the reserve. At this time, the need for nitrogen nutrition decreases. An excess of nitrogen during this period can cause prolonged growth of plants and reduce their winter hardiness.

When deciding how to fertilize fruit trees, remember that the need for plants to feed depends on their age. In fruit-bearing trees, it is significantly higher than in young ones, which is caused by the high consumption of nutrients for crop production, as well as the peculiarities of the development of the root system. If young trees have roots that grow rapidly with the coverage of new unused layers of soil from year to year, then with the formation of numerous lateral ramifications in the volume already covered, and there is a stronger depletion of it.

When choosing which fertilizers to feed fruit trees, do not forget that the use of fertilizers should be closely linked to soil fertility and nutrient reserves. It is necessary to determine the presence of available forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil and only on this basis to decide the timing of fertilizer application, their doses and ratios.

Most of the soils of the middle zone are chernozem type and are characterized by high natural fertility.

Such soils with good processing and moisture can annually replace significant quantities of the necessary nutrients. However, these stocks will quickly deplete if the correct use of fertilizers does not maintain soil fertility at a high level.

Video feeding fruit trees will help you better understand how to fertilize the garden:

How to feed fruit trees in spring: nitrogen fertilizers

Nitrogen is one of the most essential elements for plants. It is part of proteins, chlorophyll and many other organic substances. The bulk of nitrogen is concentrated in the organic matter of the soil and, above all, in humus.

Nitrogen is available to plants mainly in the form of mineral compounds — ammonium and nitrates, which are formed by the decomposition of organic matter by special microorganisms. Nitrate nitrogen is more available due to the fact that most of the ammonium in the soil is in the absorbed state and nitrified gradually. The nitrification process proceeds most actively with good air access, sufficient soil moisture and a temperature of + 15-20 °.

If the soil in the garden has been loosened since spring, it is sufficiently wetted and manure is periodically applied, then with the onset of warm weather it will accumulate enough nitrates for the plants. In the case when the activity of microorganisms is suppressed, plants can lack nitrogen even on humus-rich black soil. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain high yields only from natural nitrogen reserves.

An acute shortage of nitrates is observed in the soil of the garden in early spring, when the need of fruit trees for nitrogen is high, and the process of nitrification is weak.

Especially a lot of nitrogen is consumed by plants in the period of enhanced growth of shoots and the formation of fruits. Nitrogen fertilization at this time is very important. Lack or excess of nitrogen in the soil violates the intake of phosphorus and potassium in fruit plants. Excess nitrate is transported by plants more easily than large amounts of ammonium, especially with a lack of carbohydrates.

When using nitrogen fertilizers, it is necessary to take into account the state of the plants: the growth force, the color intensity of leaves, etc.

The visual signs of a lack of nitrogen are the pale green color of the leaves, a weak increase in shoots in conditions of sufficient moisture, premature abscission of leaves, shredding of fruits, etc.

What kind of fertilizer to feed fruit trees: phosphate fertilizer

Phosphorus is the second main nutrient in the soil and is in the form of organic and mineral compounds. Plants feed on phosphorus mineral compounds - on chernozem mainly calcium phosphates, most of which are inaccessible to plants. Mobilization of phosphorus from potential reserves is more difficult than nitrogen. Phosphoric dressings are necessary for plants during the entire growing season. Sufficient supply of phosphorus contributes to a more rapid emergence of new leaves, better development of the root system, earlier and faster flowering. It influences the processes of formation of the fruiting organs and the budding of flower buds for the next year's harvest.

Phosphate supplements are those fertilizers that need to be made under fruit trees regularly, as with a lack of phosphorus, the growth of shoots and roots is greatly reduced, flowering and fruit ripening is delayed. Improving the nutrition of phosphorus increases the sugar content in plants, increases their winter resistance. With insufficient supply of phosphorus nitrogen fertilizers are used incompletely. In some cases, large doses of nitrogen with a lack of phosphorus adversely affect the growth and development of plants.

How to feed fruit trees in spring and autumn: potash fertilizers

Potassium is involved in the formation of carbohydrates, promotes the movement of nutrients in plants, increases their winter resistance and drought resistance, resistance to pests and diseases.

Potassium in the soil is in mineral form. Organic forms of this element are not found. Its total content is several times higher than that of nitrogen and phosphorus. Hence the lack of potassium in the soil is less common. Plants feed on both water-soluble potassium salts and absorbed in soil cation colloids, and can also absorb potassium from minerals: mica, glauconite, biotite, etc. The main source of potassium is absorbed.

When making potash fertilizers under fruit trees, it should also be borne in mind that the demand for potassium in fruit plants is higher than in phosphorus. If we take phosphorus as a unit, then adult trees of apple trees carry out potassium and nitrogen 3 times more. Imbalance between the batteries should not be allowed, as this leads to functional diseases.

The use of fertilizers for feeding garden trees

When using fertilizers for garden trees, it is necessary to take into account other soil properties: the nature of aeration, mechanical composition, and the reaction of the medium.

Chernozem soils that have a neutral or slightly alkaline reaction respond well to the use of acidic and physiologically acidic fertilizers (superphosphate, ammonium sulphate, etc.).

The effect of the use of fertilizers can be achieved while improving other factors of life. The lack of one of the factors cannot be compensated for by improving the other. For example, additional nutrition can not be replaced by a lack of moisture.

Therefore, when choosing how to feed fruit trees, it should be borne in mind that in peculiar natural conditions with rich soils and arid climate, fertilizers may have no effect if they do not provide sufficiently favorable moist conditions. When applying fertilizers, it is necessary to simultaneously improve the water regime of the soil in the garden.

From all the above, we can conclude: there can not be a single garden fertilizer system. The following fertilizer recommendations should be considered as approximate. They must be adapted to the specific conditions of a garden, depending on soil properties, planting age, moisture conditions, etc. The best fertilizer system is one that justifies itself by high yield, good growth and the condition of the trees.

In addition to the main nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium - fruit plants need microelements for normal development. Often, in the middle lane, their value in fertilizing a fruit orchard comes out on top in comparison with the main nutrients.

The lack of trace elements causes deep physiological disorders of the nutritional process and leads to the appearance of functional diseases and a sharp decrease in plant productivity.

Top dressing of fruit trees in the garden in spring and autumn with organic fertilizers

Practical recommendations on the use of fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are of particular importance in the fertilizer system of fruit crops. They enrich the soil with readily available nutrients, improve its physical properties (water and air conditions), as well as supply plants with carbon dioxide. They contain in their composition all the nutrients necessary for fruit plants (macro- and microelements): nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron, molybdenum, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, etc.

The crucial importance of organic fertilizers for the garden is that they revitalize the microbiological activity in the soil.

Manure application, in particular, is the most important factor in mobilizing the natural supply of nutrients. With the systematic introduction of manure clay soils become more moisture and breathable, sandy - become connected and better retain moisture. Biotic substances contained in manure (vitamins, auxins, etc.) activate vital processes in plants, as a result of which more favorable conditions have been created for the effective use of mineral fertilizers.

The best quality is horse and cow dung. Pork manure in terms of the content of nutrients is close to equine and bovine, differing from them by a large number of nitrogenous compounds and sodium chloride. However, it is significantly inferior to them in physical properties, representing a semi-liquid mass that is inconvenient for use. Therefore, it is best to apply pork manure after composting with straw, sawdust, leaves and other material. It is recommended to bring it in order to feed fruit trees in the fall at the rate of 5–6 kg per 1 m2. Harmful chloride salts are washed out in this case deep into the soil. Given the exceptional value for manure garden, it is necessary to periodically make it from 4 to 8 kg per 1 m2 once every 3 years.

What else can feed fruit trees in spring and autumn from organic fertilizers? Bird droppings are a complete, fast-acting fertilizer in which nutrients are in a form that is readily available to plants. In order to reduce nitrogen losses, which in 1.5-2 months can reach 30% of its total content, raw litter should be stored in a dry place mixed with peat crumb, humus - 25-50% or with powdered superphosphate - 6 -10% by weight of litter.

Litter in dry and crushed form or in the form of a solution is used for all crops and on all soils, mainly when feeding plants. When applied in dry form, it is important to thoroughly grind it and evenly disperse throughout the site. With an uneven introduction possible burnout of plants. For fertilizing fruit trees in liquid form, bird droppings are mixed with water at a ratio of 1:15 (for 1 part of fertilizer, 15 parts of water). The solution should be used immediately after preparation. Bring it into the grooves made on the periphery of the crown, one bucket for 2 - 3 rm. m

Sometimes before making insist bird droppings with water, so he fermented. This technique is impractical because when it is used, the fertilizer loses more than half of the nitrogen.

Manure is usually not enough to fertilize fruit crops. Its disadvantage can be largely compensated by the introduction of various composts.

Precast compost is also a valuable organic fertilizer. As a compostable material, all waste containing at least some organic matter can be used: spoiled feed, weed vegetation (without seeds), tops, sawdust, dry leaves, forest floor, pond silt, yard waste, kitchen waste, etc. More valuable composts are obtained by mixing with peat, good fertile land, as well as slurry, bird droppings, pig manure, superphosphate. Before fertilizing fruit trees in spring and autumn, the compost must ripen. All materials for future feeding are folded in a certain place on a compacted pad, in so-called compost heaps up to 2 m wide, 1.5-1.7 m high. For a better absorption of moisture, a layer of peat 20-25 cm thick is laid at the base of the heap, or humus earth, or leaves. Garbage as it accumulates lay in a compost pile in layers and moistened with the need for slurry, a solution of chicken manure or clean water. Add 1.5-2% of the total mass of superphosphate. You can make 3-4% ash.

The edges of the heap are made somewhat higher so that the liquid does not run off, but is absorbed. After watering, heaps of peat or earth are piled on top of the pile. Care for the compost pile consists of perelopachivanii it 2-3 times during the summer and moisture when drying.

Hard decomposed garbage (sawdust, shavings, etc.) are placed in separate piles for a longer period of overheating. Compost for feeding garden trees is considered ready for use when it turns into a homogeneous crumbly mass. Composts can be laid in trenches 1.5 m wide, 0.7-1 m deep. This method is more convenient because the material dries out less. Precast composts are similar in quality to manure.

Top dressing of fruit trees with mineral fertilizers

To fully meet the needs of fruit plants in easily digestible batteries, in addition to organic fertilizers are used. Unlike organic, they contain more nutrients and are less complex in their chemical composition.

Mineral fertilizers for fruit trees are divided into simple and complex. Simple fertilizers contain only one battery, the complex includes two or three main elements.

Simple mineral fertilizers for podkomki fruit trees fertilizers are divided according to what kind of food they contain, nitrogen, phosphate and potash.

Nitrogen fertilizers.

Ammonium nitrate is a fast-acting fertilizer, recommended for early-spring application and fertilizing at a concentration of 20 g per bucket of water.

Urea - absorbed by plants not immediately, so it is advisable to use it as the main fertilizer in the spring, and on heavy soils - in the fall. With irrigation, urea is used for fertilizing. Valuable fertilizer for foliar fertilizing in a concentration of 0.3-0.4% (30-40 g per bucket of water).

Phosphate fertilizers.

The best of them in local conditions is superphosphate - simple and double. This feeding of fruit trees in spring and autumn has a long-lasting effect, therefore, it is used as the main fertilizer. On carbonate soils it is recommended to use it in a mixture with humus, peat, compost. The mixture is prepared 1-2 months before application.

Potash fertilizers.

Potassium sulfate - the best of them, because it does not contain harmful impurities. Potassium chloride contains an admixture of chlorine, in large quantities harmful to fruit. Under the berries, especially strawberries, you can make it only in advance.

Potassium salt. It should not be used for berry crops sensitive to chlorine. All potash fertilizers for fruit trees are used as the main application in the autumn, only potassium sulphate can be applied in the spring.

How to feed fruit trees in spring and autumn: complex fertilizers

Compound fertilizers for fruit trees include potassium nitrate, ammophos, diammophos, nitroammophos, nitrophoska, nitroammophoska, etc. All sony are well soluble in water and are valuable food for fruit crops. Used as a basic fertilizer and fertilizer.

Ash wood - a valuable local fertilizer, contains all the nutrients except nitrogen. It is used as potassium-phosphorus and micronutrient fertilizer on soils that are acidic or neutral in 50-80 g / m2.

Fertilizers for fruit trees, introduced in spring, before planting a garden, improve plant growth, accelerate fruiting and increase yields in the first years. They can be brought under digging, deep plowing or planting pits.

In industrial gardens, the introduction can be solid or strip (along the lines of future rows of trees). Under the plan, 500-700 kg / ha of simple and potash fertilizer superphosphate are introduced. Half-matured manure 60-80 t / ha is applied for ordinary plowing. In the absence of manure, doses of mineral fertilizers are doubled.

In the landing pits bring rotted manure and phosphate-potash fertilizers.

Superphosphate is best made in the form of an organic-mineral mixture. 300 grams of simple superphosphate or 150 grams of double grains are taken per bucket of manure. Superphosphate is mixed with wet organic matter two weeks before application.

Under the apple tree, 2-3 buckets of such a mixture are added, which amounts to 15-25 kg of manure, 450-900 g of superphosphate. Potash fertilizers are applied at 200-300 g. Under the stone rocks, the dose of fertilizer is reduced by 2 times. It is not recommended to bring unmilled manure and mineral nitrogen fertilizers into the pit, as they worsen the survival rate of young plants.

With a good preplant soil refueling in the first 4-5 years and more, trees usually do not need phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. Manure in the 1st year after planting, as a rule, is brought in the form of mulch in the spring and is filled up when digging. In the future, organic fertilizers are recommended to make the 4-5th year before the entry of the garden into fruiting. Nitrogen fertilization should start from the 2-3rd year after planting, when the plants take root and strengthen. When introduced in the year of planting, they can cause a burn of young roots and impair plant survival. In a young garden on fertile soil, the need for nitrogen in fruit plants usually occurs in the early spring period, when the process of the natural microbiological formation of nitrates is suppressed.

In this regard, it is necessary to apply nitrogen fertilizers containing nitrogen in the nitrate form (ammonium nitrate in a dose of 15-20 g / m2 - 150-200 kg / ha). The best time for this is after the majority of the snow has melted over the thawed-frozen soil, when it is freezing in the morning and fertilizers can be sown. Highly soluble nitrogenous fertilizers with residual moisture penetrate into the zone where the roots are located at the beginning of their growth. If on thalo-frozen soil it was not possible to bring them in, then they are brought in before the first spring loosening.

How to fertilize adult fruit trees in spring and autumn

In the early years, the effect of fertilizers on the growth of trees is usually weak; as they approach fructification, their effect increases more and more. With the entry of the garden into fruiting, the fertilizer system of adult trees is made up of autumn (main) application, spring and fertilizing. The main thing is the main thing when they make organic fertilizer and mineral phosphate-potassium fertilizers. These fertilizers are not washed out of the soil, so they are applied periodically once every 2-3 years for plowing or digging in quantities of 30-45 g / m2 of superphosphate and 20-25 g / m2 of potassium sulphate or chloride for 1 year. Autumn application of chlorine-containing potash fertilizers contributes to the leaching of chlorine.

Phosphorus and potash fertilizers with low mobility in the soil should be applied as deeply as possible into the zone where the bulk of the roots is located, which contributes to the development of a strong root system.

In home gardens, deep introduction is carried out in furrows, annular grooves, etc. The best way in this case would be focal. The centers should be in the form of holes, made around the periphery of the crown to a depth of 25-35 cm. Place one well on each half meter.

Effective joint application of mineral fertilizers with organic. The rate of mineral fertilizers is reduced by half. The introduction of superphosphate in a mixture with organic fertilizers promotes better absorption of phosphorus.

In industrial gardens, organic and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied under plowing to a depth of 25-30 cm. Machines for deep fertilization are also used: the plow-ripper is a vineyard hinged PRVN-2.5 and a gardening and vineyard planter PSV-2.

Top dressing is of great importance for fruit bearing fruit trees. In rain-fed gardens, they are usually limited to early spring application of ammonium nitrate, as in the absence of irrigation, fertilizing is ineffective.

The rate of application of this top dressing for fruit trees in the spring is 15 - 20 g per 1 m at the time of the garden's entry into fruiting and 20-25 g per 1 m2 with full fruiting.

In irrigated gardens, there is a danger of leaching of mobile nitrogen into the deep layers, especially on light soils, while fruit-bearing gardens especially need nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, in the fruitful irrigated garden, in addition to the early-spring application of nitrogen fertilizers, one or two supplements are given during the growing season. The first feeding is carried out with nitrogen fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) after physiological shedding of the ovary at a dose of 10 g / m2.

Fertilizer of fruit trees in spring and autumn: fertilizing in a bad year

In a bad year, they are limited only to the basic fertilizer and the spring application of nitrogen, since in this case the consumption of nutrients goes only for the growth of the vegetative mass and the budding of flower buds for the next year's harvest. It is necessary to restrain the budding of the buds in order not to overload the tree with a crop in a year. This is facilitated by low doses of fertilizers. Fertilizer fertilizer can be applied in liquid and dry form. In the first case, the fertilizer should be dissolved in water - 20-30 g per 10 l, in the second - the subsequent watering is obligatory.

Good results are obtained by top dressing with local liquid organic fertilizers - slurry, bird droppings.

Top dressing is best timed to rain. If the weather is dry, then it is necessary to water before feeding the furrow. Top dressing can be made simultaneously with watering.

Applying top dressing, it is necessary, however, to remember that this method of fertilizing is an auxiliary one and cannot replace the main fertilizer.

Before fertilizing fruit trees with nitrogen fertilizers, especially in young gardens, carefully read the information on the doses and the timing of their application. It is impossible to allow excess nitrogen in the soil, as it delays vegetative growth, impairs aging of the shoots and reduces the winter resistance of plants. A permanent excess of nitrogen, especially with a lack of other elements, leads to the fact that the fruit plants may experience a state of so-called "fattening", that is, wild growth in the absence of fruiting. It is not immediately possible to cause fruiting of “fattening” trees. First of all, it is necessary to weaken the nitrogen supply and increase the phosphorus-potassium, reduce irrigation. In some cases, it is necessary to resort to the use of special techniques: hauling branches, banding, etc. Stone-ground rocks such as cherries and plums are particularly prone to prolonged growth and growth with excessive nitrogen nutrition. Their winter hardiness in this case is greatly reduced, and the trees often freeze slightly.

Often gardeners mistakenly believe that the best time to feed fruit trees and shrubs is spring, because the plants were exhausted in long winter and require a large amount of nutrients. In fact, it is not. In order to survive a long cold winter, our garden needs no less strength. Autumn top dressing is much more effective than spring, because depleted by fruiting plants are in dire need of nutrients. In addition, fertilizers increase the resistance of trees to diseases and provide a high yield in the next season.

When to feed the trees and shrubs in autumn

Autumn feeding of trees begins in August and lasts until the end of September / beginning of October. It is during this period that the fruiting of shrubs and fruit trees ends, which allows starting work on preparing the garden for winter.

Than to fertilize

It is possible to enrich the soil with nutrients using both mineral and organic fertilizers. How exactly to give preference depends on the composition of the soil and the desired results.

Mineral fertilizers

It improves plant immunity to diseases and pests, improves the quality of the soil, saturating it with mineral compounds. Ash is an effective fertilizer for fruit trees and shrubs, because it increases the acidity of the soil, which has a positive effect on its fruiting.

Autumn soil fertilization with ash should be carried out no more than once every three years. To deposit ash, it is necessary to dig a ditch 10 centimeters deep around the roots of fruit trees and shrubs, pour 100 g of ash into it and fill it with soil.

Used for loosening the soil. In no case it is impossible to feed wood waste in its pure form for feeding plants. It impoverishes the soil and binds a part of its useful elements.

To turn sawdust into fertilizer, you need to make them perepret. Under natural conditions, this process can take up to ten years. Therefore, on the basis of sawdust, by composting, it is possible to prepare a nitrogen-rich organic fertilizer.

For this, sawdust is piled up in a hole or heap, and weeds, ash, and water are added to them. Compost can also be prepared using cow dung and. The finished fertilizer should resemble peat in appearance.

Sawdust also produces excellent mulch for fruit trees and shrubs. This cover is able to protect the root from freezing, and the plant - from death. A layer of sawdust laid in the fall around the root protects it from the cold without disturbing the air circulation. Another plus of mulching with sawdust is that weeds do not grow through them.

Comprehensive feedings

Complex fertilizers include top dressing, which includes two or more batteries. The advantages of these supplements are that their rich composition makes it possible to almost completely satisfy the plant's need for nutrients at all stages of the growing season.

These fertilizers can be double or triple, as well as complex (several elements are included in a single chemical compound), mixed, which consist of a mixture of simple fertilizers, and complexly mixed, in which several chemical elements are contained in different chemical compounds.

The most common complex feeding:

• nitroammophoska;
• ammophos.

Features and norms of feeding

Among the huge variety of fertilizers for feeding fruit trees and shrubs, not all are suitable. Introducing top dressing, gardeners pursue certain goals - to increase the yield, prolong the fruiting period and increase the resistance to diseases and pests.

Fruit trees

Each type of fruit crops requires compliance with certain norms of fertilizing, which is introduced into the soil of the tree trunk to a depth of about two centimeters.

PeachesFor feeding, a mixture of potassium salt and superphosphate in a ratio of 1: 2 is used.

Did you know? The soil in French vineyards is considered precious; workers mustscrape it off the boot to bring it back.

Pears and apples.For feeding, a mixture of (200 g) and 300 g of magnesium and superphosphate is used. Manure is necessarily added to the mixture of mineral fertilizers.
Plums, apricots and cherries. These trees get the best nutrients from aqueous solutions, which are prepared by dissolving 3 tablespoons of superphosphate and 2 tablespoons of potassium sulfate in 10 liters of water. In order to fully provide the plant with nutrients for the winter, four solution buckets are needed for each tree.

Berry Bushes

For many shrubs, one and the same fertilizer composition can be taken, consisting of 4-5 kilograms of compost, 10-15 g of potassium sulfate and 20-30 g of superphosphate (per adult bush). Make this mixture should be in a mature form, after it has settled for two weeks.

Black currant.  Top dressing is brought under the bushes shallowly and dug up by 8-10 cm.

Raspberries.  The mixture is made with a ribbon under the bushes and covered with sand.

  Gooseberry.  In the case of this shrub, the compost should be replaced with ammonium nitrate (10-15 g), since the gooseberry does not tolerate sour and overmoistened soils. The mixture is scattered in the root zone and the ground is hopped no more than 8 centimeters.

Strawberry

The next season will significantly improve the yield of this crop by adding phosphorus and potassium, a mixture of which can be simply poured between the rows. It is prepared on the basis of calculation: 30 g of phosphorus and 15 g of potassium must be added to 1 square meter.

From organic fertilizer for strawberry fertilizer, you can apply slurry prepared from 1 liter of manure and 8 liters of water. After a short infusion, the slurry is ready for use.

Video: how to use organic fertilizer in the garden   Autumn feeding garden - a responsible event that takes time and certain knowledge. Despite the fact that fruits and berries have already been collected, it is time to take care of the next season in the fall. Take it responsibly - and the plants will thank you for their high yields.

How to feed fruit trees: reviews

When feeding, the tree will not tie more color and will not bring more fruit to maturity.

But when watering in August and September, provided that there are a lot of apples and heat without rains, the yield is much greater, because then the tree does not shed the harvest.

We again had a mega-arid summer, in August-September I poured SS with a hose under a tree for the night 2 times a week, my grandfather-neighbor did not flood. He SS dropped everything at the end of August (but maybe because of the moth, and not just because of the heat, the grandfather is lazy and does not splash it), I did not dump at all.

I will tell you - there is no worse thing than to see the crumbling (the land is not visible because of apples) from the Northern Synaph razdolbaystvo at the end of August. Then in the 20s (!!!) of September (!!!) I see - the grandfather walks around the tree and removes the few remaining apples with a puller on a stick. I just burst out laughing. A typical example that plant a fool is the best Russian apple variety (my late grandfather planted a SS in 92nd both for himself and a broken-up neighbor) - a fool \u003d lazy cannot get a harvest.

I repent: for the first time in 25 years, this year I took pity on the Northern Sinap and brought out a few wheelbarrows of rabbit dung under it and dug up - the tree will still be walking, since this autumn there were no leaves visible from behind the apples.

By the way, with regards to watering: I started to water young trees: the Ligol last summer gave a rise of 1-1.5 meters from watering and ... And not a single apple in all three trees.

Common man

http://forum.vinograd.info/showpost.php?p\u003d1380477&postcount\u003d66

in the fall they are fertilized with potash fertilizers (nitrogen to a minimum). By science - it was necessary in senatbre. But it is still not too late. I also overslept the right time, I will have fun this weekend.

Yulia_novy

https://www.stroimdom.com.ua/forum/showpost.php?p\u003d2484603&postcount\u003d5

If fertilizers were applied to you during planting, then it is enough to add phosphate and potash fertilizers in the fall, this should be done before loosening the soil. 2-3 matchboxes should be poured into one square meter, or one matchbox of phosphate per square meter. In the spring, it is best to fertilize with urea. 1/3 of the matchbox in April, before loosening the soil, as much in May in the period, as much in May, before the trees bloom, in order to improve the number of tying fruits and 1/3 matchbox in June in the period of active flowering.

http://agro-forum.net/threads/1329/#post-6115

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Competent and timely fertilization is the key to the harmonious development of seedlings. However, many gardeners are poorly aware of when and what kind of dressing to make. This article will help to understand all the intricacies of an important process aimed at increasing the productivity of plant growth.

Proper soil fertilization will create favorable conditions for the existence of crops and will avoid problems in the future. But it is necessary to fertilize with knowledge. Uncontrolled application of organic or complex fertilizing can harm. So, how to feed the seedlings?

Young plants primarily need phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium. Usually they are lacking in the soil, and therefore, this should be compensated. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon - no less important components of "excellent health." If the nutritional value of the soil leaves much to be desired, then the seedlings will experience a shortage of these elements of the periodic table. But calcium, sulfur, magnesium, manganese at the beginning of the path requires a minimum amount.

The need for certain fertilizers depends on the type of crops that you planted. So, pears and apples are more in need of organic matter. Cherry and apricot - in minerals.

How to find out what exactly is missing?

If the seedlings root poorly, you should take a closer look at them. With a thorough visual inspection, you will definitely find the characteristic signs of a deficiency of a particular element.

Thin weak stems, small pale leaves indicate that seedlings do not have enough nitrogen. Leaves dry at the edges, get yellow or brown color? Need potassium. Acute magnesium deficiency manifests itself as blanching of the leaves, which later turn yellow and fall off.

Small and almost black foliage, mainly in the lower part of the plant - a signal that should be fed with phosphorus. Iron deficiency is indicated by intense wilting of leaves and shoots. Most often iron is needed in raspberries, grapes, apples, plums. But when there is not enough copper, the leaves at the tips brighten, become lethargic and soon die off.

Phosphorus and potassium: what you need to know

Experts advise to make phosphorus and potassium only in the 4th year after planting. It is better to do it in the autumn, because Such complexes contain hardly digestible substances. An exception is made for fruit-bearing plants - they are fed in the spring.

Many people make such fertilizers during fruit set. And they do it right - it favorably affects the quality and quantity of the crop.

So what kind of fertilizer for seedlings that contain potassium and phosphorus should be applied first?

• potassium sulphate  It is used as the main fertilizer for fruit bearing crops. Content of the main active ingredient - 50%. It is brought mainly in the spring;
• potassium salt. Universal dressing suitable for any type of crop. Content of the main substance - 40%. It is brought in the fall;
• superphosphate. Fertilizer granules. The content of phosphoric acid - up to 20%. It is brought at the rate of 35-40 g / m2;
• phosphate flour. Not only valuable fertilizer, but also an effective neutralizer of high acidity of the soil. The phosphorus content varies from 15 to 35%. Focused on feeding any fruit trees.

There are special mixtures containing other substances besides potassium and phosphorus. For example, nitrophoska and diammofoska include in different ratios of potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen.

Nitrogen: when and how to make?

  If at planting the soil was fertilized with nitrogen, the first dressing was practiced for the third year after planting. Most of the nitrogen is introduced in the spring, the smaller - in the fall. Calculated as follows: 20 g / m2 (for poor soils) or 10 g / m2 (for fertile). If you plan to make nitrogen, you should use:

• urea (carbimide). Contains fast absorbable nitrogen. Young plantings can be fertilized with urea in two ways: by dropping the dry mixture into tree trunks or spraying the stem and leaves with a solution (to do this, dissolve 0.5 kg of urea in a bucket of water);
• ammonium nitrate. Top dressing in granules is well absorbed by seedlings. Saltpeter can be used in dry (15 g / m2) and liquid (25 g / bucket of water) form;
• compost, bird droppings and manure. Designed to power the soil of medium fertility. Contain a small amount of nitrogen. Optimal as an addition to other mineral complexes.

Loose seedlings cannot be fertilized with nitrogen. This will significantly prolong the growing season and reduce frost resistance.

Organic: rules to remember

The most useful fertilizer for saplings is manure. Make it should be on the 3rd year. Chicken droppings are especially valuable. They are fertilized with soil in the spring at the rate of 5 kg / m2. For fertilizing fruit trees, manure is diluted with water (1 kg / bucket of water) and infused for 4-5 days. In autumn, the dosage of litter is reduced to 0.3 kg / m2. Dung from domestic animals contribute exclusively in a rotten condition. Fertilize manure once every 3 years. If the land is very poor, you can once in 2 years.

Another useful organic fertilizer is peat. Improves breathability and soil structure. Oven ash reduces the acidity of the earth. Bring it at the rate of 100 g / m2. Mix with other organics or prepare a solution.

Separate attention deserves compost. It is made in the first year after planting. Increases the nutritional value of the soil, enriches it with humus and improves aeration. Contains the substances necessary for seedlings to grow.

Quality compost can successfully replace any mineral mixture. At the same time, composting is simple. To do this, dig a trench in the fall and fill it with leaves, grass, sawdust, tops, brewing and other waste. Compost pit poured earth and safely forget about it until spring. During the winter, everything you threw into it will turn into a wonderful fertilizer.

Interval between dressings - 2 seasons. The optimal time for composting fertilizer is September-October. Important: the compost is slightly instilled into the upper layer of the earth or simply laid out near the tree trunks.

You do not know what else to feed the seedlings? Ready fertilizers proved to be excellent - “Akvarin”, “Kemira”, “Ekofoska”, “AVA”, “Uniflor-growth”, “Florist”, “Ferovit”, “Uniflor”. The main thing - carefully read the instructions (the composition of the drugs is different) and follow the dosage.