How to plant and grow root celery. Secrets of planting celery seedlings

Rarely is there root celery in our gardens. Growing and nursing presents some difficulties. From sowing to harvesting root celery should take more than five months, and this forces any gardener to tinker with it. Celery root - quite a difficult culture. When growing it, you need to know some details and peculiarities. But celery has a lot of useful properties, it is tasty, so I think you can work hard.

Cultivation of root celery in the open ground, varieties

The technology of sowing, growing seedlings, planting root and stalked celery in the ground is the same. Therefore, here we will talk about the root, but know that it is also necessary to grow petiolate as well. There are some differences in care, but they will be discussed below. Sheet species can be sown immediately in open ground.

The first subtlety in the cultivation of celery is the choice of variety. Old varieties of root celery, for example, Apple and Gribovsky, are still sold. They form not very large roots, weighing no more than 200-350 g. In modern varieties, the root can reach a weight of 900 g. There is one more disadvantage in the old varieties - they give a large lobe of branched roots. To clean this vegetable is not very convenient - a lot of waste. Try to acquire those varieties that give a smooth, good, large root vegetable.

The second feature is that this plant has a very extended vegetation period - from germination to maturity. For example, in middle-early varieties, it is 160-180 days. In fact, this is more than 5 months of waiting for the harvest.

So that we do not talk about growing - the basis of the harvest - the seeds. It is important to choose the seeds. Gardeners should pay attention to such varieties as Esaul, Edward, Maxim. This is a gorgeous root variety, well kept and calmly ripen.

Maxim (root) - a very early variety. It is the same ripening time as Esaul, but it has a longer period of growth. That is, he can potentially give an even bigger root crop than Esaul. These garden varieties should be paid attention to those gardeners who have not grown this crop before. These are trouble free varieties.

Celery seedlings how to grow

Sowing on seedlings - the end of January-beginning of February (Krasnodar region), February-beginning of March (middle lane).

Root and petiolate without seedlings will not grow - most likely it will be a bunch of greenery, but the root itself will not. Sheet can be sown immediately in open ground. But the preparation of seeds for sowing is the same for everyone.

Pre-seeds are soaked in hot water with a temperature of 60 ° C. The seed coat contains many essential oils. Hot water is needed to remove them, since it is the essential oils that do not allow the seeds to germinate quickly.

Keep the seeds in hot water until cool. Hot water does not dissolve the essential oils, heated, they rise to the surface. We wash the seeds with running water - at the same time the oils are washed off. We pour out the seeds on the fabric, dry them a little until the flowability appears, so that they stop sticking to each other.

Celery seeds germinate only in the light. We sow seeds on the surface of the soil, not sprinkling with earth. Lightly press them with the palm to the surface of the earth. This is the main condition for growing celery. The layer of soil in the nursery should be 7-10 cm in height. There must be very good lighting. The nursery top is covered with film or glass.

Celery grows tight, shoots appear after twenty days. The first time when watering should use a sprayer.

You can grow seedlings in peat tablets. After the appearance of 3-4 leaves, you can dive - select individual cups with a volume of 200-500 ml.

The choice of planting the seedlings is very important for celery. It must be an absolutely bright place. Even a slight shading reduces the weight of the tuber. The land should be very loose, fertile, moist. If you have clay soil, or, like me, black soil - be sure to add sand, compost, sawdust during planting. The root head will be difficult to increase its volume if the soil is dense.

Pickling celery seedlings into the ground

Seedlings are planted in the soil according to the 40 × 40 cm scheme. Do not save space on the garden bed. This vegetable should be spacious. Plants should not overshadow each other. I repeat once again - he loves the light very much. Thickened planting, when large spreading leaves obscure each other, leads to the formation of a shallow root.

Seedlings are transplanted into the open ground when it reaches a height of 8-10 cm. By this time, 6-7 true leaves appear.

The most important condition for transplanting celery root is not to deepen the root neck, the place where the leaves pass to the root. If you plant below that level as he grew seedlings, the roots will grow small, with many lateral roots. This, of course, will greatly affect the quality of the harvest - you can only use leaves for eating, there will be no root vegetables.

The photo above is indicative: pay attention to the distance between the seedlings - this is very important for the root one - it should be spacious.

Experts advise to plant celery in the ridges. The root has a very rich root system. Remember, what is the root after digging out? That's right, shaggy. Planting in the crest gives the fetus an additional area for growth, and reduces the “shaggyness” of the root.

Video - planting seedlings of root celery in the ground in Holland (mechanized method for industrial cultivation):

Celery root - what care is needed in the garden?

Need a good, regular watering. Root varieties do not tolerate the drying of the soil. On dry soil, the root crop loses its taste, flavor. It is desirable to mulch the beds to retain moisture. But when mulching, make sure that the celery root neck is not covered with mulch.

Very often there is a temptation to tear off young fragrant leaves, for example, for a salad or soup - as usual we do with parsley leaves. It is advisable not to do this. And if you decided to feast on young leaves, then pull out the plant with the root - there will be no sense from it anymore. Because the plant is gaining strength due to the leaves. It is possible to tear off the leaves only after the stalks become thick and thickening appears, i.e. began to form a root vegetable.

How to feed a celery bed? If you add compost and ashes to the bottom of the wells, then you can do without supplements. But this vegetable grows for a long time, the vegetation period is very stretched, so once a month it will not be superfluous to feed it with complex fertilizer. It is necessary to take into account that the root crop carries calcium from the soil at the level of macro elements. Therefore, at the same time with the complex, calcium fertilizers can be added to the top-dressing, for example, calcium nitrate.

Celery root does not spud, spit only stemmed. Instead of hilling, bleaching the stalks can be used to wrap them in paper. This is usually done two weeks before harvest. Stalks should be pressed tightly against each other and wrap light-shielding material (newspaper, sheet of paper). By the time of harvesting, the petioles become tender, white, the bitterness disappears.

Celery celery two weeks before harvest

Another important technique is the removal of side roots. This operation is carried out only for the root celery. Cut the lateral roots directly in the ground, tracing the main root with a knife along the contour. This procedure is carried out twice per season. Timing - midsummer. Usually such processing requires old varieties. Therefore, if you do not want to bother, choose the varieties of the new selection.

When the main shoot of celery root begins to thicken, several outer leaves are cut off so that only the inner rosette remains. Leaves that should be cut off usually begin to bend down to the ground. Leave only those that grow vertically. This contributes to the growth of the root. Starting from the middle of summer, the yellowed old leaves are torn off.

Another agrotechnical method for obtaining larger root crops is the unraveling or raking of the ground from the roots that started to form.

In contrast to the root harvest of leaf celery, we get earlier. For food we use leaves. The rosette of leaf vegetable is more powerful than that of the root - the number of leaves ranges from 30 to 100. Varieties for cultivation - Zakhar, Senezh, Vanyusha. The variety of curly celery is called Freak.

How to distinguish leaf celery from stalked? The leaf leaf stalk will have a void inside, and the stalked inside will have dense pulp without voids.

Do not rush to dig celery root. Because it is a short day plant. It turns out that he has all the nutrients accumulated in the fall, when there is already cool weather at night. Crop harvested late - September-October. If you do not have time to remove until frost, around the base of the stems stack a layer of straw, mowed grass 15 cm thick to protect the outlets from freezing. It is desirable that the mulch was dry.

Good neighbors for celery root - leek, cabbage. In addition, he himself protects many plants from pests. It can even be planted next to flowers - it will drive away aphids, for example, from roses.

One of the storage methods is digging up celery, wrapping the root crop with paper and putting it in a box with wet sand down roots. Keep the box in the cellar.

oksi wrote: Something my experiments were unsuccessful. The stalk withers, and the leaves are burning on the root. What happened? I water every other day.

Answer for oksi: The leaves are burning - it's just a mite you probably eat it. Did you notice a cobweb on the burning leaves?

hunter 1

I always sowed on snow. It is clearly seen where the seeds lie. Then the snow melts and the seeds fall to the ground, then I cover with a film and spray it with dew drops as needed and pour earth over a strainer. The hardest thing in the process of growing for me is picking. Very, very gentle and thin plant, but it takes root well. In the summer I water through the drip tape and regularly tear off all the leaves that have fallen to the ground. In autumn, a rather large 1 kg or more celery is obtained.

http://fermer.ru/forum/otkrytyi-grunt/50871?page=1

I sowed celery in boxes from under liter juices, in 2-3 lines. At first, she swooped into separate cups. Then she stopped - planted seedlings immediately in the ground. But my mistake is deep penetration and not digging out. Apple, Gribovsky, waited from the depths, but never waited. Satisfied with leaves.

Ivanovochka

Sowing variety Egor, the seedlings were strong. It was ripped in cups. I got accustomed very quickly, and the root crop was small - I didn’t even begin to dig it up and left before winter. Now I think that nevertheless my mistake in growing such a plant didn’t cut the roots and, apparently, otgrebla ground a little, the sheet did not pick at all.

http://www.tomat-pomidor.com/newforum/index.php?topic=7132.0

As soon as the point of growth reaches 1.5-2 cm in diameter, burst the ground around the celery (if dry, pour it in advance). Rake the ground from the growth point so that it is outside. If there is a formed (at least a small hint at) root crop, remove all the roots in its upper part. I take the old canvas mitten and just wipe the top of the root. Rake the whole earth from the root crop so that it is outside (only those roots that grow downwards should be left underground). If the ground floats after rain, the operation will have to be repeated. ALL drooping leaves (tilt angle less than 40 ° -45 °) ruthlessly remove. It is necessary to remove as follows - just pull to the side (not in any way up) and the petiole will calmly break right at the root of the root without leaving any “tails”. The leaves are great for multivitamin juices, salads (a harsh sheet, you need to cut very small) and other things. To whom the taste does not suit, it means in compost or on cosmetics. And one more tip - there will be no good watering - you will not get a big root, a drop is very welcome (checked!). Celery celery normally tolerates penumbra, root does not.

http://www.tomat-pomidor.com/newforum/index.php?topic=7132.0

Celery how to use that the benefit was

Celery is leaf, stalked, root. Among the leaf there are varieties with curly leaves. Leaf celery is more often used when cooking soups, salads as spicy greens or for decorating dishes. Delicious juices and mousses are often made from petiolate with additions of other vegetables. Raw koreva celery is delicious in salads, and boiled - like potatoes. From the root get very tasty cream soups. Also, the root is well baked, cut into large pieces, with meat. Especially useful is a salad of grated root vegetables with apples, carrots, greens, seasoned with vegetable oil and lemon juice.

This root crop (or petiole, leaves) is a storehouse of unique nutrients for our body. It is valued not only for the rich composition of nutrients, but also for its low calorie content. This allows you to use it as a dietary product. Fresh juice is useful. It is useful as one of the components of salads or soups, as well as braised, boiled, baked. Regular inclusion of celery in its menu slows down the aging of the body, contains a lot of biologically active substances, vitamin C.

The beneficial properties of celery may be interesting for men. The root and stem contain phytoandrogens - substances that stimulate testosterone production in men. For greater effect, the root or stems should be eaten for at least 1-1.5 months each day.

If you keep fasting, then, all the more, eat celery. Due to the high content of amino acids, tyrosine, it is a good meat substitute. It will help lose weight. Essential oils stimulate digestion, pancreatic enzyme production. It improves the production of gastric juice, hence the digestion of food is better and faster.

This vegetable is rich in calcium. One hundred grams of this plant is thousands of milligrams of calcium, that is, almost the daily rate. This vegetable contributes to the washing out of salts, therefore cleans the body.

Pay particular attention to the leaves of celery: the beneficial properties of decoction of them will help calm the nerves and level sleep.

Is there any harm? It is hardly possible to use this word in relation to celery. In all the measure is important. Just with this vegetable you have to be more careful with people with stomach problems, with acute pancreatitis or cholecystitis.

The root has practically no waste - both the leaves and the fruit are eaten. This is a great flavor additive to any dish.

Do not be afraid of the difficulties in growing and caring for celery root, they will pay off the benefits that you will undoubtedly feel.

Made additions in December 2018

Celery is famous for its unique beneficial properties. It is a good helper in the treatment of diseases such as anemia, nervous system disorders, diseases of the cardiovascular system and the gastrointestinal tract, renal and hepatic failure, skin diseases. Celery normalizes metabolism in the body and prevents early aging. This plant is known as the most powerful aphrodisiac, as it enhances the passion and sexual desire, and also stimulates the male sexual potential. By the strength of these properties, celery is not inferior to expensive foreign drugs - aphrodisiacs. Only the seeds of this wonderful root are worth a penny. How to grow the root celery from the seeds will be described in detail in this article. But first, let's figure out what kind of root vegetables should be chosen.

There are three types: pedicel, root and leaf. The type of celery does not affect its beneficial properties. The roots are rich in various mineral salts (salts of magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium), as well as vitamins (C, B, B 2, PP, K). A special feature of celery is the presence of an aggressive odor caused by its essential oils. This property is not everyone's liking, so you should opt for the cultivation of species with the lowest content of essential oils. So, leaf celery is the most fragrant, and the root, by contrast, the least.

Varieties of celery seed varieties

The choice of celery varieties should be approached very responsibly. It is necessary to take into account the growing conditions and the desired result. Selection in recent years has made a huge leap in its development. An incredible amount of new species of animals and plants was bred. Celery breeders are also not deprived of attention and brought out several improved varieties. How to grow a root celery without a beard? What is a beard at all? The fact is that celery sometimes begins to form numerous small roots. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to choose the right variety, correctly dive the seedlings and water the plant well. Still on sale there are seeds of old celery varieties like Gribovsky and Apple. However, keep in mind that the fruits of these varieties do not grow more than 200-300 grams, and they also have a complex root structure. We advise you to pay attention to the variety Diamand and similar ones, which give a very large (up to 800 g) and a tidy harvest. Also positive reviews have varieties such as Maxim and the Paris giant. How to grow root celery at home? Celery seeds require advance preparation before planting. To do this, they are poured with water and changed every 6-8 hours approximately 3-4 times. Celery grows long enough. But thanks to this treatment, you can speed up the process of germinating seeds by about 7 days.

How to plant root celery

In the southern territories, the celery planting process is extremely simplified. Celery grows for about 200 days, which can give him a warm edge with interest. For residents of colder regions, there is also a solution: planting seedlings. For residents of cold territories, this, of course, does not cause any particular difficulties, since the practice of growing seedlings here applies to many other cultures. The best way to do the preparation of seedlings in February. As mentioned earlier, the seeds are pre-soaked, and then planted in separate cups or cassettes. We advise to pour 3–5 seeds into each well and, while digging in, do not be zealous so that it is easier for shoots to break through to the light. After the seedlings germinate, select the most robust bore and remove extra. How to grow seedlings of root celery?

Seedling growing rules

Since celery grows for at least 150 days, growing it causes a lot of trouble for gardeners. Growing celery using seedlings allows you to collect a decent crop of this plant. The best period for planting seedlings of root celery is the end of winter. Keep in mind that seedlings need about 2.5 months to grow. Seedlings for leaf celery are usually planted in early spring. However, it is worth noting that it can be grown without seedlings, planting seeds immediately in the ground. Celery seeds have a very high content of essential oils, which greatly inhibit the process of their germination. Sometimes the period of seed germination, especially if there is insufficient moisture in the soil, lasts up to 20-25 days. In this regard, before planting, it is necessary to pre-treat the seeds and germinate them.

Seed germination

For the seeds of stalked and root celery, two effective pretreatment techniques are commonly used. In the first case, they undergo a bubbling process — treatment in water with a temperature of 20 ° C, saturated with air for 24 hours. After bubbling, the seeds are disinfected using a one percent solution of potassium permanganate for about 45 minutes at a temperature of 18-20 ° C. Then the seeds are well washed in clean water and finally can be used for planting. In the second variant, the seeds are also disinfected using a one percent solution of potassium permanganate for about 45 minutes. Then they are washed in pure water and soaked again in the “Epin” solution for about 18 hours at a temperature of 18–20 ° C. Solution "Epin" is prepared in proportion to 4 drops of the drug to 1 cup of water. After treatment with this solution, the seeds are ready for sowing. It is necessary to strictly observe the sequence of actions in both variants. In order to germinate the seeds, they are carefully distributed on a moistened tissue and left at room temperature.

Seedling care

At home it is most convenient to place the seedlings on the windowsill. For planting seedlings in seed trays, soil mixture is prepared from sod soil, lowland peat and humus mixed with coarse river sand in a ratio of 1: 3: 1. To increase the nutritional properties of this mixture, urea is added to it (1 tsp. Per bucket) and wood ash (1 cup per bucket). After the seeds have germinated, they are sorted out, choosing those with a single seedling. Then they are mixed with sand and laid out in seed trays with a moistened soil mixture. Optimally spread the seeds in a row, keeping a distance of 3-4 centimeters between the rows. For them to grow faster, they need free access to air. Therefore, the seeds are only slightly sprinkled with a sieve with moistened sand. The tray must be covered with foil and put in a warm place. It is necessary to monitor the soil moisture in the tray and promptly spray it with a hand sprayer with warm water. Water should not be cold, and excessive humidity is also unacceptable, as young stems can blacken. Until the sunrises appear, the film is not removed, and the trays are in very warm places (22-25 ° C).

When sprouts appear on the surface, the film needs to be removed and the tray moved to a very bright, but cool (no more than 16 ° C) place, as a rule, this is a window sill. A little more than a month, seedlings grow very slowly. After about 25-30 days, seedlings should be thinned in such a way that there is at least 4-5 centimeters between them. Either shoots can be transplanted into individual pots (6 × 6 cm), cups, as well as in a greenhouse or greenhouse. An important condition is that the ground should be more than 10 centimeters thick. Replant shoots need to be careful not to expose the roots and burying the growing points, as this can greatly slow down the growth of the plant. Carefully handle the main spine, do not allow it to be damaged. This can lead to the formation of an unaesthetic branched root system on the fetus. When transplanting seedlings into a greenhouse or greenhouse, it is necessary to observe a distance between rows of 5-6 centimeters and 4-6 centimeters between plants.

After planting, the plants are watered and covered with moistened paper to darken for 2-3 days. At this stage of growth, the optimum temperature is 15-16 ° C during the day and 11-12 ° C at night. Further, the soil is regularly loosened between the rows, watered and lured. For the first time after transplantation, lure is used in about 10-12 days. To prepare the solution for feeding 1 teaspoon of nitrophoska diluted in 10 liters of water. 2-3 tablespoons of the obtained solution are poured onto one plant. In order for the leaves of the plants not to be pale, urea is used, priming it 2-3 times with a break of 10-12 days. Inaccurate bait with urea can cause burns on the leaves, so after each procedure, wash off the urea residue from the leaves with clean water using a watering can. Shortly before transplanting to the open ground, plants are accustomed to outdoor air, carrying trays outside during the day and then at night. After about 2 months, 4-5 leaves appear on the plants, and they become ready for transplanting into open ground.

Seedlings begin to accustom to the open air about 5 days before planting, and a few hours before planting they water the plants well. It is best to plant seedlings in the ground on May 5-6. If the weather is favorable, an earlier landing is possible. The earlier you plant the seedlings, the greater the likelihood that you will get a large and high-quality crop. However, for early planted plants there is a danger of strong flowering of plants, which adversely affects the yield. The seedling should not be in the trays for too long, but weak seedlings also can not bring good fruit. Ready to transplant is a seedling 12-15 centimeters high, having 4-5 sheets and strong roots. The above is the easiest way to grow celery root seeds from seeds.

Landing in open ground

As already mentioned earlier, plants are considered ready for planting in the ground after about 2 months, when their height reaches 12-15 centimeters, and 4-5 leaves are formed on the stems. A few hours before planting the beds, the seedlings are well watered. Usually seedlings are planted May 5-6. It is very important that it is not overexposed in trays or was still not strong, this directly affects the quality of the crop. Immediately before planting, in order to make it easier to pull out seedlings from the trays, they are watered again abundantly. How to grow root celery?

Soil preparation

Before planting celery in the beds, it is necessary to prepare the soil. It should be very loose, soft and located in an open sunny area. It is undesirable for parsley, dill, carrots or parsnips to be grown on this site earlier. Well planted celery where previously grown cucumbers, tomatoes, beans and cabbage. The soil for celery is prepared in the fall. To do this, it is dug up to a depth of 25-30 centimeters and fertilized with compost or humus (3-4 kg per 1 m) and double superphosphate (20 g per 1 m). In April, the soil is again loosened and filled with complex mineral fertilizers (35-40 g per square meter). How to grow celery root in the open field?

How to land in the ground

For root celery, the beds are formed in such a way that there is a distance of 40-50 centimeters between the plants and between the rows. For leaf and stem beds do every 30 centimeters, and between the plants leave a space of 15-20 centimeters. It is allowed to plant celery among the beds of other vegetables, such as potatoes, onions, garlic, etc. In each pit for the seedling, the soil is mixed with a small amount of ash and humus. Each seedling goes deep into the fossa up to the cotyledonary knee, then the soil around it is pressed down and well watered. The first few days after planting in open ground, plants should be protected from the bright sun with paper.

Growing celery in the ground

Caring for stalked, root and leaf celery has some differences. But common to all species are loosening the soil, mulching, weeding, watering, and in some cases protection from pests and diseases. To prevent the sharp loss of soil moisture and the appearance of a crust on it, the beds are covered with sawdust, peat, or mowed grass. Celery and stem celery must also be minded 20 days before harvest. Thanks to hilling in the root crops, the amount of essential oils with an unpleasant odor decreases, the bitter taste is weakened, and the scapes are bleached. To obtain the largest root crops of celery root, in the middle of July the top of the root is cleared of soil, the lateral roots are removed, and the leaves are pressed as much as possible to the ground. Do not worry about broken leaves, this procedure is beneficial to the root. When harvesting, the stalked and root celery is harvested as a whole, and the root system of leaf celery can be preserved for growing at home in the winter. To do this, before the cold, the root system is dug out of the soil along with the ground and placed in a pot.

How to water

Good moisture is important for celery, so it is plentifully watered: 20-25 liters of water per 1 square meter. The soil should not be over dried. On hot days, plants require daily watering. Water the celery need at the root.

How to feed celery

To ensure a good harvest of plants need to feed for the summer 4 times. How to lure the seedlings, was described in detail earlier. 7 days after planting the seedlings in the open ground, the plants are fed with an infusion of herbs. 20 days after disembarking, the soil is fertilized with an infusion of chicken manure or mullein. At the end of July, the area with plants is filled with superphosphate (30 g per square meter).

If you follow all the rules of cultivation, described above, at the right time you will get a wonderful harvest of healthy roots. The question of how to grow root celery in the country, now should not seem difficult.

Celery - the oldest plant. Wreaths of celery were found in the tombs of the pharaohs, it was used in ancient Greece as a cult, medicinal and ornamental plant to decorate holidays and feasts. According to legends, Aphrodite herself used to eat celery roots for food in order to remain young and beautiful.

Celery came to Russia from Europe during the time of Catherine the Great, and very soon won a place of honor as a spicy vegetable culture. The plant has another name - Selera.

The only way to grow a crop is planting celery seedlings.

Celery is divided into 3 types: leafy, petiolate, root. When growing a vegetable, it is necessary to take into account a lot of nuances, therefore, even experienced gardeners do not always manage to achieve good yields, and to grow root celery is a whole science. Celery root has large fragrant leaves and a round root vegetable with white flesh.

In cooking, all parts of the plant are used and, thanks to the bittersweet and unusual taste, it is an interesting ingredient for soups, salads, seasonings, sauces. Seeds are used as spices in canning.

In addition, celery has medicinal properties. It is used as a means for preventing cancer, reducing pressure, increasing immunity. Especially useful for older people as a product that reduces the likelihood of Alzheimer's disease.

Growing seedlings

The first and most important step is forcing the seedlings. Accurate implementation of agricultural techniques is necessary, since it is during this period that infection with the black leg is possible due to overwetting, stretching the seedlings with a lack of lighting, slow germination due to seed penetration, rejection of seedlings due to late picks.

There is a whole list of points that need to be considered before planting seeds for seedlings.

Necessary conditions for growing:

The soil should be rich in organic matter, with neutral acidity (5-7 pH).
High friability and breathability of the substrate.
Light day at least 8 hours.
Protection from dry winds.
Increased soil moisture and air.
Warm summer, morning and evening - the sun, at noon - light shade.
Regular, but moderate watering, irregularity causes cracking of the root.
The introduction of manure is contraindicated, since it causes abundant growth of green mass to the detriment of ripening of the root crop and provokes diseases.
Temperature regime for growth and development - 15-18 ° C, for forcing the seedlings - 20-22 ° C heat.
Landing on the same place - only after 4 years.
A long period of growth from 170 to 200 days dictates the sowing of seeds for seedlings to produce in mid-February - early March, otherwise celery will not ripen.
Do not planted after carrots, beets, parsley and dill, as they have the same disease, the best predecessors - cucumber, onions, cabbage.

Seed selection

Celery seeds lose their germination very quickly, the seeds of the previous year are best suited. According to reviews of those who grow celery, seeds from every third sachet do not sprout, so it is important to watch the year of collection on the package.

It is better to grow your own, but celery gives seeds only for 2 years of planting. Normal seed germination - 70-80%. Well established seeds of import producers.

Variety selection

For different regions choose different varieties depending on climatic conditions. For Moscow region are suitable "Delicatessen", "Prague Giant", "Alabaster." For the Urals and Siberia, the best are early-ripening and mid-ripening varieties: Anita, Esaul, Egor.

Recently, gardeners have disappointed the old varieties - "Apple" and "Root Gribovsky", which give hard greens and a root crop entangled with small roots, and sometimes instead of it - a "whisk". The best varieties are Diamant, Maxim, Delicatessen, Russian Size, Prague Giant, Egor. As the gardeners say: “you shouldn’t dance over them”. Preferred varieties with a root mass not less than 0.5 kg.

Soak

Celery seeds are coated with essential oils, which protect them from adverse environmental conditions, but at the same time prevent germination.

Therefore, they are pre-soaked. For this, they are wrapped in a cloth made of cloth and lowered for 2-3 days in warm water (45 ° C), changing the water 3 times a day.

You can simply wrap the seeds in a damp cloth, which is changed three times a day. Without soaking, seeds can germinate for a very long time, up to 25 days or more, and the standard period is 7-15 days. Next, the seeds are lightly dried and start planting. This is the easiest and less efficient way to plant seeds without germination.

Seeding of already germinated seeds is considered more correct. For this, seeds are etched in a 1% solution of potassium permanganate for 45 minutes, washed with water and immersed in a solution of Appin for 18 hours (2 drops of the drug per half cup of water). In addition to "Epin," you can use such biostimulants as "HB-101" - an extract of coniferous plants and "Zircon" - an extract from Echinacea. Seeds are laid out on a damp germinating fabric.

There is another variant of the effect on seed germination - bubbling, i.e. seed treatment with air. It is established that when using bubbling seeds germinate earlier for 7 days.

At home, the tube from the aquarium compressor is lowered into the water tank. The seeds are stirred for 24 hours in water under air pressure and saturated with oxygen, then they are etched for 45 minutes in a solution of potassium permanganate, washed with water and spread on the fabric for germination. As soon as the seeds begin to spit, they are sown in prepared containers.

Important! The length of the sprung sprout should not exceed 1 mm, with a greater length, the seeds germinate poorly or do not survive at all.

You can further process the seeds with a solution of boric acid (0.2 g per 1 l of water) or 1% solution of potassium permanganate for disinfection, it is enough to keep them in solution for a day.

Soaking day is considered a celery planting day.

Preparing containers for seedlings

In order not to lose the crop before landing in the ground, it is necessary to disinfect the container for seedlings. All containers are treated with a solution of potassium permanganate, it is better to burn wood boxes with fire. Many people use peat tablets for seedlings to eliminate the possibility of infecting seedlings. Experienced experts recommend taking a round container, it is more convenient for subsequent diving.

Soil for seedlings

Land for seedlings is prepared in 3 different ways:

Soil mixture of biohumus and sand in equal quantities;
The soil mixture, in which - 6 parts of peat, 2 parts of humus, 1 part of the earth and 1 part of mullein, sometimes add 2 cups of ash;
Soil mixture of humus, vermiculite and non-acidic peat.

A mixture with vermiculite is good because mineral additives are immediately applied to the soil: magnesium, potassium, iron, silicon, calcium oxide. Such a substrate increases soil aeration and provides nutrition for seedlings.

The soil should be loose and homogeneous. The height of the earth in containers is 10 cm. 2 days before sowing, the soil is spilled with boiling water with potassium permanganate. If it is not possible to prepare the soil by yourself, it is bought in stores, choosing a substrate for vegetable crops or onion mixtures.

Sowing seeds

Seeds are planted in several ways: grooves, pits and just loose. 5-6 seeds are laid out into the grooves 1 cm long, the groove depth is 1 cm, between the grooves 5 cm.

When planting in the pits sown at a distance of 2 cm from each other. The scattering involves planting a large number of seeds with further thinning (using tweezers for this). Seeds are sown to a depth of 0.3-0.5 cm, without deepening, you can lightly press the matchbox.

It is not necessary to sprinkle with earth, the seeds come up better in the light. The container is covered with foil and placed in a warm and bright place to create the effect of a mini-greenhouse, preferably on windows that face west or east.

The earth should not dry out, so it is periodically sprayed with warm water from a spray bottle or watered, squeezing water out of a foam sponge with a small stream. With ordinary watering the seeds can slip into one pile, which is undesirable. The temperature for the seeds should be maintained at + 20-22 ° C.

The period from sowing seeds to the first shoots takes about 2 weeks. Planting seeds on seedlings begins in late February and can be carried out until mid-April in the northern regions. Time is calculated based on the fact that the ready 2-month seedlings should be landed at a permanent place when there is no threat of frost.

Favorable days for sowing celery seedlings on the lunar calendar in 2018:

February: 4-8; 12-13; 24-26;
March: 2-8; 18-22; 24-27;
April: 2-9; 11-15;

One option - sowing seeds under the snow. In this method, dry seeds are used. In the landing tank on the ground, snow is laid up to a height of 2 cm, on which a layer of seeds is scattered and covered with a film. When the snow melts, the seeds are “pulled in” into the soil to the desired depth.

Recently, vegetable growers have used the method of sowing seeds for seedlings "snails". It is suitable for those seeds that sprout for a very long time, including for celery.

The advantage of this method:

Saving space on the windowsills.
Less soil mix is consumed.
Access to the sun of each seedling, thanks to the possibility of turning the "snail" around the axis.
Uniform distribution of seeds in the "snail".

For planting "snails", a construction substrate for a laminate 10 cm wide is required, on which a soil mixture is laid in a layer of 2 cm. Seeds are laid out at a distance of 3 cm from each other on the ground, departing from one of the edges of the substrate 2 cm. Then it all rolls up like a roll and is attached with office elastic bands. The finished "snail" is installed vertically in a plastic container.

Seedling care

Important tools for growing healthy seedlings are temperature control, lighting, watering, feeding.

It is necessary to track the development of a sapling daily, so as not to miss the signs of changes in its growth in order to take certain actions.

Signal	Act
Emergence of seedlings	Decrease in temperature to 15-18 ° С
Emergence of seedlings	Watering the land with Trichodermin biopreparation for soil disinfection
Pulling sprouts and laying down on the side because of the short daylight hours (less than 8 hours)	Additional lighting fitolampa
Sapling growth up to 10 cm	Film stripping
The appearance of 1-2 leaves	Thinning, removal of weak and overgrown seedlings, the distance between seedlings is 3-4 cm.
Drying the soil	Watering under the root, without touching the leaves, in small portions, with a teaspoon or syringe only with warm water. Cold water is the cause of the “black leg”
The appearance of light green leaf color	Top dressing with urea (1/2 tsp. For 1 liter of water)
10 days after germination - 1 feeding	Top dressing nitrofoskoy on 2 tbsp. l for each plant (solution: 1 h l 3 l water)
Appearance 2-3 leaves	Picks
The appearance of 4-5 leaves	Planting seedlings in the ground with the preservation of earthen coma

In the process of growing seedlings, many people get confused about the pinching of the spine when picking up a seedling.

There are two opinions:

Pinching promotes better root growth.
Pinching will lead to a lag in growth, deformation of the form and a decrease in the size of the root.

Experienced vegetable growers speak out clearly on this issue: do not pinch the tip of the main root at the root celery, be sure to pinch at the petiole and leaf root.

The logic is clear, pinching leads to abundant growth of the roots, which is absolutely not necessary for the root celery, but it is very important for the celery and stem celery.

Hardening seedlings

2 weeks before planting the seedlings on the site, it is necessary to harden, teaching her to stay in natural conditions. Within 7 days, containers with seedlings are taken out onto the street, gradually increasing the residence time, you can start from 1-2 hours.

First carried out in partial shade, then gradually into areas illuminated by the sun. Hardening begin with the daytime hours, then be sure to take out the seedlings and at night. You can use an unheated greenhouse, terrace or balcony.

What else you need to know for growing celery seedlings:

The first watering is carried out on the 4-5 day after emergence of shoots, then - once a week or spraying when the soil dries.
When germinating, do not use gauze, only fabric.
Dosvechivanie sprouts the first 5 days held around the clock, in the following days only in the morning and evening, on cloudy days - all day.
After picking, the seedling is put in the shade for 2-3 days.
You can not pour the ground under the seedbed leaves of the sprout, otherwise the root crop will grow with a “shaggy beard.”
When picking, the stem is deepened by 1/3 into the ground.

A good celery seedlings consider plants 12-15 cm tall, with 4-5 leaves and developed roots. They are ready for planting on ridges at the age of 60 days for the middle lane and at the age of 80 days for the northern regions. If the seedlings were weak or overgrown, the harvest is unlikely to be of high quality.

Planting seedlings on a permanent place

The next stage is planting celery seedlings on the beds. The soil should warm up, it is desirable that there are no constant low temperatures. At a temperature of + 8 ° C for a long time, the plant can throw flower stalks, in which case the root crop will not form.

Since celery is a demanding plant, it is necessary to perform the correct agricultural practices when planting and growing:

Land is prepared in the autumn: digging 5 cm deep and introducing compost.
The place should be well lit by the sun.
2 hours before planting, the soil is spilled.
Planted better on a cloudy day.
The distance between plants should be 30 cm, between rows - 40-45 cm.
The hole should be shallow, in each add a handful of ash and pour water.
When planting, the apical bud (growth point) is not deepened, so that adventitious roots do not develop.
Do not spud plants, regularly rake the ground from the root for the proper formation of a round barrel.
Use a sharp knife to cut the side roots so that the “beard” does not develop.
Do not overdo it with supplements, use herbal infusions more, all nitrates will be deposited in the roots.
When the celery root crop begins to tie, it is fed with boron (2 g per 10 l of water), otherwise it will form voids.
You can cut only the lower leaves, always leaving four young leaves.
Aisle loosened for better growth of the root, until the foliage closes.
It is necessary to provide protection from slugs - this is the main enemy of the plant.
Do not overfill the bed, otherwise it may damage the rot.

In early October, you can begin to harvest. Good luck!

Fresh celery is not always possible to find on sale, and personally grown vegetables are always tastier and healthier than purchased ones. Therefore, if you have your own plot, take one garden bed for these root crops so that in the winter months you can prepare vitamin salads or soups for your loved ones. Care of it has features, but does not differ in complexity and does not take a lot of time. Proper seed selection and selection of varieties will ensure good germination. Adherence to planting dates will allow the root to gain weight and mature. With regular care, fruits will be juicy, tasty and free from defects. In our article we will tell about planting root celery for seedlings.

Celery Root: Description

Celery is a herbaceous plant of the umbrella family (lat. Apiaceae). The Latin name is Apium. This plant is cultivated as a vegetable.

Celery grows to a height of 1 meter. In the first year the root system and leaves develop. In the second year the plant blooms.

Celery - moisture-loving and frost-resistant plant. It is cultivated even in the northern regions of the country.

Celery has been widely used in cooking. Eat a root vegetable, stalks and leaves of a plant. They are added to salads, main dishes, sauces, drinks. Celery root and seeds are used in dried form as a seasoning.

Due to the rich composition of the vegetable has a tonic effect on the entire body. Celery is useful for the liver and digestive tract. The plant normalizes digestion, stimulates the production of gastric juice and improves appetite. Celery has a tonic effect on the body, normalizes the work of the cardiovascular, nervous and digestive systems.

Terms of planting root celery seedlings

Certain difficulties may arise in the cultivation of root celery. They are connected with the fact that the growing season in this culture lasts 200 days. For planting planting material is to pick a sunny day. Sowing time is mid-February. This manipulation can be done earlier, but practice shows that it is better not to do so. With late tillage there is a danger of reduced yield.

How to choose the seeds of root celery

For a long time this vegetable was unfairly deprived of attention, and it appeared extremely rarely on Russian beds, but now its planting is more and more interesting for domestic gardeners. This interest is explained simply: celery root vegetables not only add a special piquancy and spicy flavor to dishes, but in addition have numerous useful properties. It’s not for nothing that in former times this vegetable plant was necessarily included in the daily ration of both ordinary people and aristocrats.

The choice of seeds for sowing is very important, since it largely determines the final result - the size of the roots, their taste, the ripening time. Therefore, in order not to be disappointed in the harvest, when buying:

choose only fresh seeds whose shelf life ends next year;
give preference to large-fruited varieties, the roots of which reach the mass in a pound;
for growing, take early ripe varieties, otherwise the roots simply do not have time to ripen;
the seeds of imported breeding are considered the highest quality, but you can also find good planting material among domestic producers - try to buy products from trusted manufacturers.

Planting Celery Root Seeds

For planting seeds fit any capacity. It is only important that it was later easy to transplant celery seedlings. The selected container is filled with a mixture of earth and humus in equal parts. To the soil was more loose, it is worth adding a small amount of river sand. It also gives the soil good drainage properties. Sand should be pre-fried, and the ground can be disinfected by pouring boiling water a few days before planting seeds.

Before planting, the seeds are put on a damp cloth and moistened with warm water. Seeds are moisturized for approximately 3 days. This process contributes to better germination of celery. Seeds prepared and presoaked in warm water are sown on moist soil in prepared grooves about 1 cm deep. Seeds are sown with a distance of 3-4 cm. Celery seeds do not need to be sprinkled with soil, and they will quickly sprout.

To maintain the desired microclimate, crops are covered with film or glass. Celery root seeds germinate well under the following conditions, namely: air temperature is about +24 degrees; wet soil; good lighting. After about 3 weeks, when the celery plant has 2-3 leaves, it should be subjected to a pick. This contributes to the formation of smooth and attractive-looking root vegetables.

Planting root celery in open ground

Planting celery begins with the preparation of the site where it will grow. This crop needs light, fluffy, airy, enriched, fertile soils.

A handful of humus and ash, mixing with the soil. After that, each sprout is deepened, compacting the soil around the shoots and watering the landing site. After this, the shoots cover from the scorching sun.

Watering Celery Root

Weeding and loosening are carried out in the first half of summer. After the celery leaves grow and close, weed growth stops. Watering is carried out as the soil dries. To root vegetables turned out juicy and tasty, the soil must be constantly wet. An important condition: it is necessary to water at the root. Facilitates care drip irrigation.

How to fertilize root celery

Each vegetable needs a personal approach to feeding. At different stages of development and ripening, they need a different amount of fertilizer in various combinations of elements. But there are general principles of fertilizing plants that must be observed when growing celery.

Organic is made from autumn. This is especially true for unchanged manure. Celery, like most crops, it is contraindicated. Plants do not feed immediately after transplantation and during the period of illness or damage by pests until they are completely cured. Liquid fertilizers are applied after irrigation, dry, granulated - before.

At the growing stage of leaf and stem mass, celery needs increased nitrogen fertilization. In the process of tuberization increases the dose of potassium. For better maturation of the crop will need phosphorus.

Digging and storage of celery tubers

Dig out the ripened tubers of root celery as late as possible. Only in the late autumn celery gains a good tuberous mass and accumulates the maximum amount of nutrients. Celery root, especially of late varieties, is cold-resistant. It can withstand frosts down to -3 ° C. Therefore, it is possible to sustain the tubers on the ridge until mid-October. From the second half of October, digging begins.

Tuber is cleared of roots. The leaves are cut "under zero" (you can even grab a small part of the tuber in the cut). In the daytime, the tubers can be left on the garden to dry them a bit. Then the root crop is sent to storage in the basement. Storage conditions are the same as for other vegetables.

Celery did not appear yesterday. Even the Egyptians prepared from it healing preparations and beauty masks, which were designed to preserve beauty. In India and Tibet, in China, celery was assigned a large role everywhere. But we have this culture is only now gaining popularity. And not everyone loves celery for its harsh taste. And in vain, because about the benefits of this plant, you can say a lot.

general description

Growing celery in central Russia and especially in Siberia is not an easy job. This is a rather capricious guest in your garden. But the result builds effort. Celery feed and heal. Therefore, if you have a plot of land, then be sure to select the ridge for it.

Growing is very popular. It is boiled and stewed, marinated and salted. Its fiber is absorbed slowly, which contributes to the long-term preservation of satiety.
It would seem that today there are so many drugs that you can do without this spice. But growing celery on your plot may allow you to use less medicine or do without them. The plant has antiseptic, wound healing and laxative, as well as a diuretic effect. It is an ideal source of vitamins and mineral salts.

In general, if you do not like this plant, then it's time to change the attitude towards it. Growing celery at your summer cottage will greatly save on vitamin complexes, as it is an excellent alternative.

Stalked and root

There are two main forms of the plant. One forms a juicy and fleshy stems, and the second - the roots. We will talk about the technology of growing each of them. Many gardeners planted the beds of both, since the one and the other have their advantages.

Growing celery begins with planting seedlings. A heat-loving plant does not tolerate frosts poorly, so it is recommended to sow plants in boxes in boxes in the spring, and then transplant them to the ground. So you do not lose time and get a harvest for sure.

Timing

This is a "tug-like" vegetable with capricious seeds. They ascend for a long time, slowly grow, and some of them refuse to leave the ground altogether. Therefore, if you wait for steady heat and sow them at that risk of being left without a crop. Since it is desirable to grow celery by mid-summer, you should start planting it in containers in February or wait until March.

Practice shows the amazing property of seeds. Their germination improves with time. Therefore, if you managed to find in the store a pack of seeds of three or four years old, you can expect friendly and strong shoots.

We select the soil

For seedlings need to prepare boxes with a light, nutritious mixture. To do this, mix in different parts of the garden soil and humus, as well as sand. Substrate needs to be moistened a little, and on top it should be covered with a thick layer of snow. Seeds germinate best when they are immersed in snow. Gradually, together with the melt water, they fall into the soil and germinate. Returning to when to sow celery seedlings, we can say that before the end of winter. Of course, in each region is different, but you need to focus on the second half of February.

The seeding depth is not important, so it is better to take containers not deep, but wide. Wait for the first shoots will have quite a long time. If you have not processed the seed, the wait can be delayed for three weeks. Therefore, experienced gardeners recommend pre-soaking them in a stimulator solution. This culture is very demanding on the content of nutrients. Therefore, it is best to buy fertile soil in the store.

First shoots

If you have never grown this vegetable, you may be unpleasantly surprised. Weak, thin shoots do not look convincing at all. Therefore, before planting is required to learn how to grow celery. Now shoots need special care. They are watered by spraying, and try not to overwet the soil, so as not to destroy them.

Up to the appearance of the first true leaflets, one should observe the greenhouse growing regime. That is, be sure to close the landing with film or glass for the night and open it during the day. It is necessary to care for the seedlings according to the standard scheme, that is, maintaining the correct temperature and watering conditions and airing regularly. Seedlings grow slowly, but most often this is the only problem faced by the gardener.

We grow strong seedlings

It is in the first week that there is a danger that the seedlings will stretch. To prevent this, it is recommended to organize the illumination by fitolamps. In addition, it is recommended to reduce the temperature. To do this, you can take the box with the seedlings in the hallway or put it on the balcony. Every day, the earth must be moistened with an atomizer.

As soon as the plants rise above the ground, you need to fully open the box. Regularly perform thinning. So you provide strong seedlings more likely to become full-fledged plants.

Picks

Seedlings of stalked celery need a procedure after the first full leaves appear. It is best to choose cups with a retractable bottom, so as not to damage the root system during transplantation into the ground. When picking celery, you need to pin the main root a few centimeters. After that, it is transferred to a separate cup. It can be a special, peat, or pre-used jar of yogurt or sour cream. It is necessary to bury the plant down to the first leaves.

Transplant in the garden

The transfer of celery to open ground is carried out only in late May or early June. More precisely, based on the analysis of the climatic features of the region. By this time, the sprouts are already mature. Planting stalked celery should be carried out according to the scheme of 25 * 25 cm. In order to keep the bed from becoming crusted, it is recommended to use mulch. For this, sawdust and straw are used. For weaker sprouts, you can build a coating in the form of plastic cups without a bottom.

Sowing directly into the ground

Immediately after planting, celery needs to be fed using liquid fertilizers. Today there are varieties that can be sown immediately in the ground. This is an early golden feather and Utah. This method has its pros and cons. On the one hand, less work for the gardener. On the other hand, further thinning of the seedlings will be required. The seeds are very small, even with the help of the tape you will not be able to distribute them evenly across the rows. But your goal - to get lush bushes, which means they must have room for growth.

Soil preparation for planting is performed using standard technology. It is necessary to dig up the ground in autumn and remove all weeds. After this, carry out the appropriate soil fertilization. Humus is excellent, but not fresh manure. Its introduction will lead to the development of spotting in plants, which is very difficult to cope with. With the onset of warm days, it is recommended to feed the earth with phosphorus and potassium.

Optimum acidity is 7 ph. If necessary, lime or dolomite must be added to normalize these figures. The beds are slightly tamped and leveled. It is necessary to arrange a good drainage of the beds, for which special grooves for the removal of moisture are equipped.

Growing stalked celery

Focusing on the climatic conditions of the region, it is possible to decide when to sow celery on seedlings. But today we take the average date. That is, in February, you need to sow the seeds, and in May carry them into the ground. Growing plants from seedlings is not difficult at all. Care is reduced to the following rules:

It is necessary to carry out regular watering, but at the same time focus on weather conditions and soil conditions. Watering celery is very important, the ground should be constantly wet, but do not let the water stagnate.
The plant requires organic fertilizer at intervals of 1 time in 10 days.
Hilling. Applies to all grades, except those that are able to whiten themselves. They need to spud with a frequency of 1 time in 3 weeks.

Features and difficulties

Radix celery is a capricious culture, so the gardener must be prepared for certain difficulties. Most often, the main problem is the calculation of the right amount of moisture. If there is little watering, the middle part of the stem becomes inedible. At the same time, outwardly, it can not be determined;

If you plant weak seedlings or one that has already outgrown, then you can achieve the formation of peduncles. This will also make the plants unfit for food.

If putrefactive bacteria penetrate into the trunk, this can cause pathological processes in the core.

If watering is insufficient, it can affect the development of petioles. In such conditions, they crack.

For the cultivation of root vegetables

Celery root is considered less whimsical. It is most often grown in seedlings. In mid-May, you can plant plants in open ground. And even in this case, it is required to monitor the weather forecast and cover the beds in case of frosts. When supercooling, the plant throws out a flower spike, now the root crop will not form. You get a bed of panicles that are not useful even to collect a bouquet.

If the danger of freezing still persists, but you decide to plant celery, then it is recommended to build a small greenhouse directly above the garden bed. Reasons to rush there. The fact is that the late planting of celery has a negative effect on the growth and development of this culture.

Some subtleties

Yields are directly dependent on the quality of care provided. Celery root should not be submerged deep in the ground. The growth point is always above the surface. This will allow to get a quality crop.

It is necessary to plant a root crop in such a way that the distance between plants is at least 30 cm. Now we need to water the plants regularly and remove weeds. Make sure that the pests do not attack juicy greens. Especially love her slugs. At the first appearance of damaged leaves, it is required to start fighting gastropods before they destroy the planting. Dark spots and drying leaves can talk about viral or bacterial diseases.

Secrets of a great harvest

Unlike petiolate, celery root can be perfectly preserved throughout the winter. Therefore, it is better to grow it more and put it in the cellar, in a box of sand. There are fairly simple rules that will allow you to get excellent results:

It is not recommended to cut the foliage. This will weaken the bushes, and they will not be able to form a root crop.
Hilling of plants in this case will only bring harm. This procedure provokes the release of lateral roots.
As soon as the active growth of the spine begins, it is necessary to scoop up the soil from the top of the root. The processes on the sides are trimmed with a knife for the same purpose.
The soil must be kept constantly wet. This is a key point that will allow you to get excellent harvest. It is important not to fill the bed. Watering should be maintained until the collection of fruits. This will allow you to grow fragrant and tasty celery. Watering is done exclusively under the root.

Fertilization

Feeding celery should be made as needed. Unlike a petiole plant, in this case you should not get carried away with this procedure. To increase the yield, it is recommended to feed plants with herbal extract and mullein. With the appearance of signs of weakening of the culture, monophosphate and nitrogen-containing substances should be introduced. A large number of them leads to the appearance of scab and other diseases. Once the foliage begins to dry, you can harvest.

Instead of conclusion

Celery is one of the most healthy vegetables that should be on your table all year round. In the summer it can be juicy petioles, and in the winter - root vegetables. They can be added to soups and salads. Nutritionists emphasize that regular consumption of celery allows not only to compensate for the deficiency of nutrients in the body, but also to lose weight. This becomes possible due to the content of a large amount of fiber in it, which is digested for a long time and gives a feeling of satiety.