And syntactic units in sentences. Syntactic units are constructions whose components are united by syntactic connections and relationships. These include word forms and phrases.
Between word forms that are included in phrases, syntactic connections are divided into the following types:
1. attributive (student’s notebook, geography textbook, etc.);
2. objective (write letters, admire a picture, prepare to leave, and so on);
3. circumstantial (live outside the city, return in the evening, leave to study).
A phrase, being a means of naming and a building material for a sentence, is at the same time close to the word, but, nevertheless, different from it. What makes them similar is that a phrase, like a word, has a system of form determined by the grammatical origin of the main word. And if this word is then the phrase has the form of cases and numbers (book of the student, book of the student, books of the student).
If the word is an adjective, the phrase has the form of an adjective. That is, the phrase will be declined according to cases, changed according to gender and number. For example: capable of mathematics, capable of mathematics, capable of mathematics.
If that phrase has many verb forms (reads a newspaper, read a newspaper, read a newspaper, would read a newspaper).
Text syntax also concerns the field of linguistics, which studies the syntactic organization of the entire text, that is, the connection between syntactic units, as well as the entire speech work.
Raising the question of what syntax is, we should also note the fact that, based on semantic patterns, it directly depends on the intonation and rhythmic organization of the text. Syntax is inextricably linked with punctuation. Therefore, when considering the syntax of the text, we must not forget about punctuation marks.
Remember the wonderful cartoon “In the Land of Unlearned Lessons”? There, the main character, having managed to correctly determine the placement of one single comma intonationally, saved his life. By the way, when explaining to children in a Russian language lesson the importance of punctuation marks, you can pick up other examples similar to this. For example, invite them to put a comma in the sentence: “You can’t learn your lessons while you’re resting.” The main thing is to convey to students the idea that syntax and punctuation always “go hand in hand.” One cannot be considered an educated person without understanding syntax and punctuation.
But if we have found answers to the question of what syntax is, now it’s time to decide what should be understood by the word “punctuation”. Punctuation is a collection of rules about placing punctuation marks in writing. Signs, as you know, allow people to divide text into sentences with dots, as well as to separate parts of a sentence, homogeneous members of a sentence with punctuation marks, highlight addresses, and participles, or And how difficult it is to understand a text in which signs are not placed in direct speech!
Punctuation helps writers accurately express their thoughts and feelings, and readers understand them. The syntactic direction in Russian punctuation, which has gained wide popularity in the practice of teaching it, boils down to the fact that the signs are designed, first of all, to make the syntactic structure visual. Often the punctuation system is based on syntactic soil, but this does not mean at all that the punctuation system copies sentence structures, obeying them. Pointing to the division of speech by punctuation marks, punctuation is primarily based on syntax and is a means of identifying different shades of meaning that are inherent in different parts of a written text. In a word, the purpose is to help identify the syntactic structure of speech.
But only by understanding what syntax is, you can correctly decide what and where punctuation marks should be placed.
Is it enough for a person to have an extensive vocabulary to communicate with others? Of course not. After all, words themselves are not enough to fully express all the feelings, thoughts, emotions, and experiences of a person. To do this, they need to be somehow ordered, constructed, organized. This is precisely the task that syntax performs. During the lesson you will repeat the basic information on this section of linguistics that you received in previous classes.
There is no subordinating relationship between the subject and the predicate; these are equal members of the sentence. They don't form a phrase .
Secondary members of the sentence explain the main or other minor members of the sentence (Fig. 2).
Addition.
Definition.
Circumstance.
Rice. 2. Minor members of the sentence ()
Types of sentences based on the presence of minor members of the sentence:
Common(there are minor members).
Undistributed(no minor members).
Types of sentences according to the number of grammatical bases:
Simple(one grammatical basis).
Complex (more than one grammatical stem) (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Simple and complex sentence ()
Types of complex proposals for communications:
Allied.
Repetition of the rules for placing punctuation marks in direct speech (Fig. 6)
Rice. 6. Punctuation marks for direct speech ()
Additionally
Types of connections between words in a phrase:
Coordination(the dependent word is likened to the main word in gender, number and case).
For example: red leaves (plural) - red house (singular, male) - red dress (singular, middle).
Control(the dependent word stands with the main word in a certain case).
For example: I’m going to school (V.p.).
Adjacency(the dependent word is related to the main word only in meaning and is expressed by unchangeable parts of speech: infinitive, gerund, adverb).
For example: I came (why?) to talk (inf.).
Bibliography
- Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
- Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
- Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova - 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
- Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts - 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
- Syntax and punctuation. Part 2 . Balashov, Dementiev ().
- Syntax and punctuation. Exercises ().
- Punctuation in tables and diagrams ().
- Cartoon “The Adventures of a Comma and a Period” ().
Homework
- № 9, 10, 11. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.
- Exercise: Make sentences from these words and write them down. Parse the resulting sentences.
1. It was the middle of March. Spring, friendly, this year, turned out to be. Occasionally, short rains fell.
2. Birch, swollen, buds. The lambs turned yellow on the willows. The bees flew out of the hives, for a bribe, first.
3. In the spring, the starling searches for food on the ground. Destroys, in, gardens, etc. he, vegetable gardens, insects, harmful.
§ 64. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RUSSIAN PUNCTUATION
Punctuation (from Latin punktum - point) is a system of rules for placing punctuation marks. Punctuation marks (punctuation- stop, break) are signs that are placed between words or groups of words in written speech.
“Punctuation marks are notes when reading” - this is how A.P. Chekhov defined punctuation in one of his letters. Punctuation marks serve as an important means of formatting written speech, since with their help it is divided.
Punctuation is largely international in nature. Basic punctuation marks were proposed by the typographers Manuzzi brothers in the mid-15th century. and were then adopted in most European countries.
There are 10 punctuation marks in modern Russian: period, question mark, exclamation point, ellipsis, colon, semicolon, comma, dash, double dash, parentheses. Quotation marks can also be considered punctuation marks. In addition, for ease of reading, spaces between words, a red line (beginning of a paragraph) and other graphic means are used.
According to their function, punctuation marks are divided into two groups: dividing (separating) and emphasizing. Punctuation marks include: period, question and exclamation marks, comma, semicolon, ellipsis, colon, dash.
These signs are used to separate one segment of speech from another and act as single signs, for example: I saw everything that happened(A. Tarkovsky)
Distinctive punctuation marks are double (paired) marks. These include parentheses, quotation marks, double
dashes, double commas. With the help of these signs, various segments and semantic units of speech are distinguished, for example: The stream, bubbling, ran towards the stream.(A. Fet)
Punctuation marks help to divide speech into semantic parts that are important for expressing thoughts (semantic division), highlight individual sentences and their parts (syntactic division), and reflect the intonational design of the statement.
Thus, the rules of Russian punctuation are based on three basic principles: semantic, structural and intonation.
378. Read a fragment of the work of the great Russian linguist
F. I. Buslaeva. How does a scientist determine the purpose of signs?
kicking? Confirm the points he made with your own.
measures. Find the archaism in the sentence.
Since through language one person conveys his thoughts and feelings to another, punctuation marks have a dual purpose: 1) promote clarity in the presentation of thoughts, separating one sentence from another or one part of it from another, and 2) express the feeling of the speaker’s face and his attitude to the listener...
379. Copy by inserting missing letters and arranging signs
punctuation. Please indicate punctuation marks in this
text. What principles of Russian punctuation does it obey?
the use of signs in the last sentence of the first paragraph?
Find figurative and expressive means in the text.
I adjusted the fire. He flared up for a minute and then calmed down. The smoke was pumped out to the water and the bright crest of the light bent there. Moving closer to the fire, I stretched out my hands, squeezing and unclenching my fingers as if I were plucking the petals from a huge Siberian fry. The hands especially...the left one...were on the shoulder and below it lay in a cold layer...the intense pain was taking its toll from sitting for a long time in the city and such a load at once and yesterday’s stuffiness.
A silver kharyuzka 1 m high, clattered in the tops of the forest for a month, touched the tip of a tall spruce and without a splash fell into the thicket. A seed of stars in the sky... the river grew thicker and darkened and...
Diminutive name for fish.
nor the trees that appeared during the month again and... disappeared. Lish(?) gleamed in the rifts of Oparikha, rolling along the plowed furrow towards the Yenisei. (V. Astafiev)
380. Read the poem. What figure of speech lies in
new to its construction? Analyze punctuation marks in
second stanza (indicate their type and functions). With what principles
Punctuation principles are associated with the use of signs in the latter
stanza?
I remember my mother’s hands, Although she has been gone for a long time. I have never known hands more tender and kind than these hard, calloused ones.
I remember the hands of my mother, That once wiped away my tears, They brought me in handfuls from the fields Everything that spring in my native land is rich with.
I remember the hands of my mother, And I want the children to repeat: “Weary hands of mothers, There is nothing holier than you in the world!”
(N. Rylenkov)
381. Read. Find cases where copyrights are used
kov punctuation. What do you think is the reason for their use?
Which punctuation mark shows the most activity?
1) Mother creates, she protects, and talking about destruction in front of her means speaking against her... Mother is always against death. (M. G.) 2) Petersburg street in autumn - permeates; and chills the bone marrow, and tickles... (A. Bel.) 3) Zori - fresh. The sky is in a new, autumnal splendor, turning blue and clear. At night it is black with stars and deep, bottomless. (Shm.) 4) Somewhere in the city it was burning - large, high, stubborn. (Solzh.) 5) He [Kirsha] was silent, and his black eyes burned with melancholy and fear. He went to the window, looked, and seemed to be waiting for something. (F. Sologub)
SIMPLE SENTENCE
§ 65, NARRATORY SENTENCES,
INTERROGATIVE, INCENTIVE.
EXCLAMATIVE SENTENCES
At the end of narrative and motivating sentences that are not accompanied by an expression of strong feeling, a period is placed, for example: 1) Today the night is frosty and clear*(N.) 2) Listen, don’t take unnecessary liberties. (Tr.) If these sentences are accompanied by an expression of strong feeling, then an exclamation mark is placed at the end, for example: 1) The will and labor of man create marvelous wonders!(N.) 2) Turn around and march!(Lighthouse.) At the end of an interrogative sentence there is a question mark, for example: Who's there? Whose horse is rushing at full speed across the menacing square?(P.)
Note. To indicate the incompleteness of a statement or lack of agreement, an ellipsis is used, for example:
1) I'm flying quickly along cast iron rails, thinking my thoughts...(N.) When combining an ellipsis with an exclamation or question mark, this mark and two dots are placed, for example: 1) It’s a shame to be timid, to cover yourself with a glove, you’re not little!..(N.)
2) Can you hear the singing?..(N.)
382. Copy by inserting the missing letters. Title the text. Explain why the sentence is recognized as the main form of communication.
A sentence is a grammatically formed, holistic (i.e., further indivisible into speech units with the same (same) basic features) unit of speech, which is the main means of formation, expression and communication thoughts.
Language as a tool of communication and exchange of thoughts between all members of society uses the sentence as the main form of communication. The rules for using words in functions.. sentences.. sentences and the rules.. for combining words and words.. combinations.. in a sentence are the core of the syntax of a particular language. Based on these rules, different types or types of proposals are established. (V.V. Vinogradov)
383. Copy it by putting the required sign at the end of the sentence. Indicate declarative, incentive and interrogative sentences. Which ones are exclamation marks? Emphasize them. Do a syntactic analysis of the 1st and 5-7th sentences of paragraph I. Explain the use of ellipses in the 11th sentence.
I. 1) High above the family of mountains, Kazbek, your royal tent shines with eternal rays || 2) The colorful flags of ships flutter briskly over the Neva || 3) Chu, the guns burst out || 4) Sing, coachman || I will silently, greedily listen to your voice || 5) The world is empty || Now where would you take me, ocean || 6) Closer, oh dear friends, closer let us form our faithful circle ||
7) How Tatyana has changed || How firmly she entered into her role ||
8) Here is the disgraced house where I lived with my poor nanny ||
9) Hello, young, unfamiliar tribe || 10) My friend, let’s dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses || 11) So, quietly send your grandson with this note to O... to that... to the neighbor... and tell him not to say a word, so that he
didn't call me...
(From the works of A. Pushkin)
P. 1) Lermontov’s poem is a courageous, mature creation || 2) What is the correct picture || What is the precision in the expression || 3) No less excellent is “Cossack Lullaby Song” || Where, where did the poet get these simple-minded words, this touching tenderness of tone, these meek and sincere sounds, this femininity and charm of expression || 4) Oh, how deeply instructive this story is, how much it shakes the soul ||
(V. Belinsky)
§ 66. TWO-PART SENTENCES
AND ONE-COMPONENT.
INCOMPLETE SENTENCES
384. Continue the sentences. Write them down.
1) A two-part sentence is... .
2) The subject is called... .
3) The main members of the sentence include... .
4) Incomplete sentences - sentences... .
385. Give the definition of a one-part sentence. Fill out the table.
386. Read the text. Determine the type of speech. Write out one-part sentences from the text. Determine their type. What role do these sentences play in the text?
I started to remember. A village... Gray huts, a dusty street, nettles near the wattle fence, chickens on the heap, rickety spinning wheels... There are also small lakes; in the evenings the water in them is smooth, smooth, and the whole dawn is like in a mirror. It’s good to sit on the shores of these small lakes, think... Together with the silence, a restless and tender feeling for everything in the world creeps into the soul. It’s a little sad, but it’s as if someone is whispering in your ear: wait, wait, my friend.
Far, far away a herd of horses will gallop at night, hang over the road, a strip of dust in the air and lasts for a long time. And again it’s quiet. What kind of silence is there on earth! (V. Shukshin)
In incomplete sentences, the omission of sentence members can be indicated in writing using a dash, for example: The bakery was doing well, personally- It's getting worse.(M.G.)
387. Read the poem by M. Tsvetaeva. What type of offer
Zhenya is used in it? Explain the placement of punctuation marks
tions in the text. Name the figure of speech that the author addressed.
For the beast - a den, for the Wanderer - a road, for the dead - a road, for each - his own.
It is for a woman to dissemble, for a king to rule, for me to glorify your name.
388. Read, indicate one-part sentences (including
number and composition of complex ones), name their type. Emphasize non-gender
new proposals.
1) I’m driving endlessly, but the weather doesn’t calm down. Everything was flooded, bridges were blown away. 2) We begin to drive along the lakes. 3) The bare, gloomy bank of the Irtysh is visible. 4) Muddy water. White waves lash the clay. 5) It gets dark. The coachman is silent. 6) Here comes the ferry. We need to cross to the other side. 7) It’s cold to drive. I’m wearing a sheepskin coat and my legs are chilly. I wrap them in a leather coat - it doesn’t help. 8) By dawn you are terribly tired from the cold. While the horses are being changed, you can take a nap somewhere in a corner. 9) Tomorrow I’m going to Irkutsk to relax.
(From letters of A. Chekhov)
389. Copy, adding missing punctuation marks. Not
Underline complete sentences.
1) There are flowers in the garden, further on you can see alleys of lindens and acacias and an old elm to the left of an apple, cherry and pear tree. (Hound.) 2) Vera ran from the garden onto the balcony, followed by Sergei, jumping three steps behind, Nikita walking behind. (A.N.T.) 3) On one side is the Volga with steep banks and the Trans-Volga region; on the other, wide fields are cultivated and empty... On the third side, villages and part of the city are visible. (Hound.) 4) Behind the line, the hunters with dogs were riding behind the hunters, coachman Ignat. (L.T.) 5) I am alone. There is hundreds of miles of sea nearby. (Paust.) 6) In one such dictionary you can collect words related to nature; in another, good and apt local words; in a third, words of people of different professions... (Paust.)
390.
Read and indicate the sentences in which the omission
members of sentences (main or secondary) is
mistake. Write down, correcting such sentences.
1) “Please tell me,” we asked the station attendant, “when will the train arrive?” - "After 15 minutes". 2) Searches began in the settlement; they soon reached the Vlasovs’ house, but found nothing. 3) Grandfather became increasingly poor, and he had to become a public figure. 4) Danko cast a joyful glance, and then fell and died. 5) My father said that he saw Kachalov on stage several times, the first time before the revolution. 6) Our trip out of town did not take place because repairs were underway. 7) It cannot be said that Manilov has requests.
391.
Copy it using missing punctuation marks. Volume
make clear (verbally) their use. Indicate the subject and predicate
mine is in the first two sentences.
Olga and Tatiana
Olga is a simple, mediocre creature who once thought about nothing, asked about nothing, asked everything clearly and understandably out of habit.. and who everything depended on habits.. || She cried a lot about the death of Lensky, but was soon consoled, married a lancer and from a graceful and sweet girl became a dozen ladies, repeating her mother, with minor changes that time required || But it’s not at all so easy to determine Tatyana’s character || Tatyana's nature is not complex, but deep and strong || In Tatyana there are no these painful contradictions that overly complex natures suffer from; Tatyana was created as if all from one solid piece, without any other details or impurities || Her whole life is imbued with that integrity, that unity which in the world of art constitutes the highest dignity of an artistic work ||
So the summer nights, having eaten, were spent in winter daydreaming, reading novels, and this in the midst of a world that had the good-sense... the habit of snoring loudly at that time || What a contradiction between Tatyana and the world around her || Tatyana is a rare, beautiful flower that accidentally grew in the wilderness of a wild rock,
Unknown in the grass, deaf N.. moths, n.. bee ||
These two verses said by Pushkin about Olga go much more to Tatyana || What kind of motherfuckers, what kind of bees could know this flower or be captivated(?) by it || Are ugly horseflies, gadflies and beetles like Messrs. Pykhtin Buyanova Petushkov and the like ||
We repeat Tatyana is an exceptional creature of deep loving passionate nature || (According to V. Belinsky)
§ 67. DASH BETWEEN SUBJECT AND SUBJECT
If there is no linking verb in a nominal compound predicate, a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate. A dash is placed in the following cases:
1) if the subject and predicate are expressed as nouns in the nominative case: Book- source of knowledge;
2) if the subject and predicate are expressed by numerals in the nominative case or one of the main members is expressed by a numeral and the other by a noun (also in the nominative case): Five eight- fourty. Volga length- three thousand six hundred eighty-eight kilometers;
3) if the subject and predicate are expressed in the infinitive form of verbs: Live- serve the homeland.(Ate.);
4) if one of the main members is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, and the other - by the nominative case of the noun: Excellent position- to be a man on earth!(M.G.).
When placing a dash between the subject and the predicate, you need to keep the following in mind:
a) if there are words before the predicate this means this,
then a dash is placed before these words: Musical singing
tanning- this is not the education of a musician, but above all
human upbringing.(Sukhoml.);
b) if the subject is a personal pronoun, then
As a rule, there is no dash: He [Dr. Werner] is skeptical
tic and materialist.(L.)
In this case, a dash can be placed when they want to especially emphasize the significance of the statement and
logical (semantic) stress falls on the pronoun: You- white night with its mysterious light. You- happiness. You- glare of dawn.(Paust.);
c) a dash is usually not placed if the predicate is preceded by a negation Not or one of the comparative conjunctions: as, exactly, as if and etc.: The pond is like shiny steel.(A. Fet) Poverty is not a vice.
392. Write it down, underlining in sentences with a nominal compound predicate the subject with one line, and the predicate with two lines, and placing a dash where necessary.
I. 1) Grushnitsky cadet. (L.) 2) Produce an effect
their pleasure. (L.) 3) His goal is to become the hero of a novel.
(L.) 4) His arrival in the Caucasus is also a consequence of his romance
ical fanaticism. (L.) 5) Solotcha winding shallow
river. (Paust.) 6) The path in the forests is kilometers of silence, without
wind. (Paust.) 7) The conning tower is the brain of the ship.
(Nov.-Pr.) 8) My occupation is ethnography, the study of life
Russian people. (Przh.) 9) The heart is not a stone,
II. 1) The word is the clothing of all facts, all thoughts. (M.G.)
2) The language of literature is an important tool of production for pi
satel. (N.O.) 3) “Onegin” is the most sincere production
knowledge of Pushkin, the most beloved child of his imagination...
To evaluate such a work means to evaluate the poet himself
in the entire scope of his creative activity. (White)
4) The credibility of the positions and the truth of the dialogue are here
general laws of tragedy. 5) Precision and brevity come first
the virtues of prose. (P.) 6) Criticism is the science of discovering the edge
honeycombs and flaws in works of art and literature
ry. (P.) 7) The first goal of art is the reproduction of action
vigor. (Black)
§ 68. SOME CASES OF AGREEMENT IN THE NUMBER OF THE PREDICATE WITH THE SUBJECT
1. If the subject is expressed by combining a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case with the preposition s, then the predicate is put in the plural: Five minutes later, only Davydov and Makar remained in the empty square near the barns.(Shol.)
Note. The predicate of such subjects refers simultaneously to both nouns. In a sentence Father and son walked into town the singular predicate shows that only the word is the subject father, and the combination with my son is an addition.
2. If the subject is expressed by a combination of a numeral with a noun, then the predicate-verb is either singular (in the past tense - neuter) or plural: 1) Six rowers took to the oars.(Ax); 2) Around every cup sat down ten people.(M.G.); 3) Two people got closer To him. (P.); 4) There are seven books on the table. The predicate is put in the singular when attention is drawn to the total number of objects being counted, to their totality, and in the plural when attention is drawn to each of the objects being counted as the producer of the action.
3. If the subject is expressed by a combination of words several, how many, many, few with a noun, the predicate is put in the singular (in the past tense - in the neuter gender), but often, especially when naming persons, the plural is also used: 1) Several bullets squealed over my head.(L.); 2) On the porch there are several strangers in uniform frock coats talking about something interpreted. (P.)
4. If the subject is a collective noun denoting quantity: multitude, majority, most, mass etc., then the predicate, as a rule, is put in the singular: 1) At the prince's sakla gathered there are already a lot of people.(L.); 2) The crowd of street servants is not poured out to meet the gentlemen on the porch.(T.)
5. If the subject is a collective noun that does not denote quantity: teaching, students, youth etc., then the predicate is always put in the singular: Young people sing a song of friendship.
6. If the subject is an indeclinable compound word, then the predicate agrees with the main word included in the name, i.e., as it would agree with the full name: MSU celebrated its
anniversary(Moscow State University). If a compound word is inflected, then agreement occurs according to general rules: University began entrance exams. The enemy pillbox was destroyed(words university And pillbox refer to nouns of the 2nd declension masculine).
393. Read, indicate how the subject is expressed and how
the predicate agrees with it. Write it down, underlining the subject
one line, predicate with two.
1) Rozanov and Rainer met warmly, in a friendly way. (Leek.) 2) Fenechka came in with Mitya in her arms. (T.)
3) Two soldiers are sitting on patrol over cold water. (Tward.)
4) Eight people were sitting at the table. (A.N.T.) 5) Several fishing boats got lost at sea. (Kupr.) 6) Several sailors, under the command of the captain’s mate, once went out to sea on this boat. (Kupr.) 7) Several infantry regiments were already lined up in squares on Red Square. (K.S.) 8) Suddenly, many lights flashed under her feet and blinded Lisa. (Fed.) 9) The wounded were carried from the barge. Some moaned, but most were silent. (K.S.) 10) Most of the passengers were dozing. (Paust.) 11) Several ladies walked quickly back and forth along the site... (L.) 12) Humanity moves forward and produces and creates everything. (Gonch.)
394. Write down, agreeing the predicate with the subject.
1) In the village, many dogs met us, barking loudly. (L.) 2) Bazarov left with Arkady the next day. (T.) 3) Fenechka was sitting in the gazebo with Dunyasha and Mitya in her arms. (T.) 4) Several boats were lying ... on the shore. (Are.)
5) Most of the expedition members have already visited several times
been on difficult journeys. 6) The crowd reminded..
dark swell of the ocean. (M.G.) 7) Most people wanted..
do something. (M.G.) 8) A number of circumstances according to
interfered... with the implementation of the project. (T.S.) 9) From there under
About two dozen people attended. (A.N.T.) 10) To the people
gal... the abyss... (P.) 11) And many other similar thoughts
passed., in my mind... (L.) 12) He stood behind the fence., not
how many sleds... (P.) 13) Athletes from many countries at
I was...at the Olympics.
9 - V. F. Grekov
395. Copy using verbs in the past tense
me.
1) The railing unexpectedly (breaks). 2) Severe cold has arrived, and an ice hole on the river (to freeze). 3) Rail (bend). 4) Jam (candied). 5) Jelly (go bad). 6) Ink, (dry).
FEATURES OF USING SECONDARY MEMBERS OF A SENTENCE
§ 69. SUPPLEMENT IN FORM
GENTIVE CASE
WITH NEGATIVE VERBS
When a verb (as well as a participle or gerund) with a negation, the object is usually in the genitive case: I remember the sea before the storm.(P.)- I I don't remember the morning bluer and fresher.(L.)
Note. When denoting specific, specific objects, the accusative case can also be used after negation; when denoting abstract concepts, as a rule, the genitive case is used: He did not buy yourself a magazine. He didn't buy yourself a magazine. But: He has no right. He didn't take into account everyone opportunities.
396.
Write it down by inserting negations instead of dots. Not and rebuild
presenting proposals accordingly.
1) He... realized the importance of the assignment entrusted to him and... completed the task on time. 2) The meeting... made a definite decision on the last item on the agenda. 3) On Sunday... I will be able to fulfill my promise and not go to the museum. 4) The workshop... accepts new orders for equipment. 5) The young athlete...justified the hopes placed on him. 6) ... having analyzed the condition, the boy ... solved the problem.
§ 70. MANAGEMENT OF WORDS CLOSED IN MEANING
Some words that are similar in meaning or composition control other words differently. For example, verb to brake requires the accusative case after itself, and the verb
Goal hinder- dative. Bad weather slowed down (What?) promotion squad ahead, But: Bad weather hindered (to what?) promotion squad forward. It is therefore necessary to be able to correctly pose a question to a controlled word, for example:
A) filled(how?) - full(what?) water, impressed
ny etc. (But: full of you); write(about what?) - opi
dump(What?); to pay(for what?) - pay
(What?); faith(what?) - confidence(in what?); be
participant(what?) - participate(in what?); think
(about what?) - conceive(What?); report(what?) -
make a report(about what?); be surprised(what?) - be
surprised(how?); reproach(in what?) - reproach
(how?), reproach (gv. What?); lean on(for what?) - upi
fight(what?);
397. Write it down by adding control words to the highlighted ones
instead of dots, controlled words are given in brackets according to the corresponding
howling questions. Change these words where necessary, as necessary
we go by meaning.
1) The swimmer was dissatisfied... (what? your result). The swimmer was disappointed... (what? your result), 2) The teacher was awarded... (what? order). She was awarded... (what? a high government award). 3) Old worker shared... (what? your memories). He told... (about what? construction of a workshop). 4) Experienced mason dedicated listeners... (what? all the details of work organization). He said... (about what? full use of working time).
398. Write down, inserting instead of periods the words given in brackets, and
appropriate prepositions. Verbally indicate which case you are in
used these words.
399. Copy, putting in the required case the words given in brackets
kah. If necessary, add the appropriate prefixes.
logs
1) In the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” Nekrasov writes in detail... (the situation of the post-reform peasantry). Nekrasov describes with deep compassion(?)... (the plight of a peasant woman). 2) Arina Petrovna trampled her orphan nieces... (every piece of bread). Pavel Vladimirovich ext. .kala she... (insufficient respect). 3) During the conversation, the interlocutors fell asleep... (a wide variety of questions). They said... (a wide variety of things). 4) The mother was worried... (the fate of her son). She was worried... (his state of health). 5) The implementation of the project was stalled... (lack of necessary funds). Every scientific conclusion must be based on... (strictly verified facts).
400. Write down the sentences, choosing from the words given in brackets,
the right option.
1) The teacher... (paid a lot of attention, paid a lot of attention) to working with lagging students. 2) Terrible heat... (slowed down, prevented) the normal work of the geological expedition. 3) The girl was very careful... (handled, treated) with books. 4) The jar was... (full, overflowing) with water. 5) Vanya... (told, shared) about his impressions of the trip to Moscow.
§ 71. CASE OF DETERMINATIONS INCLUDED
IN A COMBINATION CONSISTING OF A NUMERAL TWO,
THREE OR FOUR AND NOUN
IN THE GENTIVE CASE
Definitions expressed by adjectives, participles and pronouns and included in a combination consisting of a numeral two three or four and a noun in the genitive case, are put in the following form: if the noun is feminine, then the definition is usually put in the nominative plural case; if the noun is masculine or neuter, then the definition is usually put in the genitive plural: 1) Three slippery wet steps led to her door. (L.) 2) Two poor trees stand as a delight to the eye.(P.)
Note. The attribute placed before the numeral is used in the nominative case, regardless of the gender of the noun: 1) Rest three horses, saddled, walked behind.(Shol.) 2) Behind latest Three years ago, great changes took place in the village.
401. Write it off. Explain the case form of definitions expressed
nyh adjectives.
1) Three enemy horses were immediately taken as spoils to the winner. (P.) 2) Two large white, shaggy dogs rushed at me with an angry bark. (T.) 3) The moon had not yet risen, and only two stars, like two saving beacons, sparkled on the dark blue vault. (L.) 4) There are two old pine trees in that clearing. (N.) 5) On the wall hung two large..., dull..., oil... portraits. (Adv.) 6) Two glass factories were built near our estate. (S.-Shch.) 7) For the first two months, the expedition worked in difficult meteorological conditions. 8) Two pillars of fire cut through the darkness of the night. (Step.)
402. Include definitions in phrases. Make up with them
offers.
Three sentences, two birches, four houses, three books, two competitions, four boats, three cars, two computers.
- Syntax- a section of grammar that studies the structure and meaning of phrases and sentences, the rules for combining words in phrases and sentences.
In order to speak and write correctly, to understand someone else’s speech, that is, to communicate orally and in writing, you need to know the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.
- Punctuation(Latin punctum - point) is a system of developed and established rules that guide the writer when placing punctuation marks in the text.
Punctuation marks are part of written speech and are symbols used between words or syntactic segments to express the grammatical and semantic division of speech.
Russian punctuation is based on semantic and grammatical principles, intonation acts as an auxiliary means and depends entirely on the meaning of the statement.
Types of connection between sentences
Text- these are statements (sentences) consistently united by a semantic connection, which represent semantic, substantive and structural integrity.
Solid text- this is a complete statement that consists of several sentences, parts related to each other in meaning, united by logic and consistency in the development of the topic.
Subject- this is the detailed content of the text, which is revealed through subtopics, microtopics. A set of subtopics plays an important role in developing a topic. The depth of the topic is provided by micro-topics selected by the author.
The topic and main idea of the text are revealed in the text sequentially and using chain and parallel connections.
- Chain link- This is one of the most important ways of connecting independent sentences. It is found in all types of speech (description, narration, reasoning).
In a chain connection, connecting sentences is sequential: the first is connected with the second, the second is connected with the third, etc. The end of the previous sentence, repeated in the subsequent one, gives rise to a new sentence. As a result, a chain of sentences is formed with a close sequential semantic and syntactic connection.
- In parallel communication all sentences are not connected sequentially, but as if centrally: they relate equally to each other and to the first sentence.
One of the main features of a parallel connection is the same or similar syntactic structure of sentences, the so-called syntactic parallelism.
Difference between chain and parallel connection
Difference in the nature of the structural correlation of a sentence with a chain and parallel connection, it leads to the fact that sentences (except for the first), connected by a chain connection, are less independent in semantic terms, more dependent on the context, for example: So, Marya Andreevna sat by the window and looked out onto the street.
Sentences connected by a parallel connection are quite independent; Their meaning, as a rule, is completely clear even when used in isolation, for example: When the wind blew, it brought with it the melancholic sound of waves rustling against the shore (M. Gorky).
